28 April - Bajirao I death anniversary

 

Bajirao I, passed away on 28 April 1740, was the 7th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. During his 20-year tenure as a Peshwa, he defeated Nizam-ul-Mulk at several battles like the Battle of Palkhed and Battle of Bhopal. Bajirao contributed to Maratha supremacy in southern India and northern India. Thus, he was responsible for establishing Maratha power in Gujarat, Malwa, Rajputana and Bundelkhand and liberating Konkan (in the western coast of India) from the Siddis of Janjira and Portuguese rule.

28 April - General Kodandera Madappa Cariappa was honoured with the rank of Field Marshal.

 

On April 28, 1986, in the Ashoka Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan, General Kodandera Madappa Cariappa was invested with the rank of Field Marshal. This historic event marked a significant honor for General Cariappa, making him the first Indian Army officer to attain the prestigious rank of Field Marshal.

General Cariappa's military career was illustrious, spanning several decades. He served as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army after India gained independence in 1947. Throughout his career, he demonstrated exceptional leadership, strategic acumen, and dedication to the defense of India.

The conferment of the rank of Field Marshal on General Cariappa was a testament to his outstanding contributions to the Indian armed forces and his role in shaping the modern Indian Army. It was a moment of great pride for the nation and a fitting recognition of his lifetime of service and achievements.

 

28 April - António de Oliveira Salazar birth anniversary

 

António de Oliveira Salazar, born on 28 April 1889, was a Portuguese statesman who served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He was responsible for the Estado Novo ("New State"), the corporatist authoritarian government that ruled Portugal until 1974.

28 April - James Monroe birth anniversary

 

James Monroe, born on 28 April 1758, was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty, and his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas. He also served as the governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, the U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh Secretary of State, and the eighth Secretary of War.

27 April - Ulysses S. Grant birth anniversary

 

Ulysses S. Grant, born on 27 April 1823, was an American soldier, politician, and international statesman, who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. During the American Civil War Grant led the Union Army as its commanding general to victory over the Confederacy with the supervision of President Abraham Lincoln. During the Reconstruction Era, President Grant led the Republicans in their efforts to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism, racism, and slavery.

27 April - Telegraph service was opened to the public

 

On 27 April 1854, the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to Pune.

Popularly known as ‘Taar’, the telegram service in India was seen as the harbinger of change. For 160 years, the service was both anticipated and feared; bringing good and bad, but urgent news to Indians.

Telegraph services in India date back to 1850. The first telegraph line, though only experimental was established between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour.

The British East India Company started using the telegraph in 1851 and till 1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country.

In 1854, the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to Pune on 27 April 1854.

Telegraph service thrived in India even after Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876.

Since 1850 till 1902, the telegrams were sent through cable lines, but in 1902, the Indian system went wireless.

Telegraph service was one of the major reasons why British could quell the 1857 revolt. The telegraph service allowed British to mobilise their troops swiftly which undid the plans of the rebellions

27 April - Ruth Handler death anniversary

 

Ruth Handler was born on 04 November 1916, and she passed away on 27 April 2002. She was an American businesswoman, best known as the creator of the Barbie doll. She co-founded Mattel, Inc. with her husband, Elliot Handler, in 1945. Barbie was introduced to the world in 1959, and it quickly became one of the most iconic toys globally, revolutionizing the toy industry. Handler noticed that her daughter, Barbara, often played with paper dolls that represented adult women, and she saw the potential for a three-dimensional adult-bodied doll. Barbie's success made Ruth Handler one of the most influential figures in the toy industry.

27 April - Flag Day (Moldova)

 

Flag Day in Moldova, known as "Ziua Drapelului" in Romanian, is celebrated on April 27th each year. This day commemorates the national flag of Moldova and its significance as a symbol of the country's identity, unity, and sovereignty.

The flag of Moldova consists of three horizontal stripes of blue, yellow, and red, with the blue stripe on top representing the sky, the yellow stripe symbolizing the country's fertile soil, and the red stripe representing the blood shed by Moldovan martyrs for independence and freedom.

On Flag Day, various events and ceremonies are held across Moldova to honor the national flag. These may include flag-raising ceremonies, parades, cultural performances, exhibitions, and educational activities about the history and symbolism of the flag.

Flag Day is an opportunity for Moldovans to express their patriotism and pride in their national identity. It serves to reinforce the importance of the flag as a unifying symbol that represents the values and aspirations of the Moldovan people.

 

27 April - National Veterans' Day (Finland)

 

National Veterans' Day in Finland, also known as "Veteraanien Päivä" in Finnish, is observed on April 27th every year. This day is dedicated to honoring and remembering the veterans of the Finnish Defense Forces and paying tribute to their service and sacrifices.

National Veterans' Day holds particular significance in Finland due to the country's history of military conflicts and the contributions of its veterans in defending the nation's independence and sovereignty. The day is marked by various commemorative events, ceremonies, and gatherings across the country, where veterans are recognized and honored for their bravery, dedication, and resilience.

Finnish veterans include those who served in wars such as the Winter War (1939-1940), the Continuation War (1941-1944), and the Lapland War (1944-1945), as well as in peacekeeping missions and operations around the world.

National Veterans' Day serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving the memory of past sacrifices and ensuring that the contributions of veterans are never forgotten. It is also an opportunity for the Finnish people to express their gratitude and respect for those who have served their country.

 

27 April – Grant’s Tomb is dedicated in 1897

 

Grant's Tomb, officially known as the General Grant National Memorial, was indeed dedicated on April 27, 1897. Located in Riverside Park in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, it serves as the final resting place of Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States, and his wife, Julia Dent Grant.

The tomb was built to honor Grant's legacy as a Civil War general and his service as president. It is the largest mausoleum in North America. The dedication ceremony was attended by thousands of people, including President William McKinley, members of Grant's family, and various dignitaries.

Grant's Tomb has since become a significant historical and cultural landmark in New York City, attracting visitors from around the world who come to pay their respects to one of America's most prominent military and political figures.

 ( USA Advertising stamp: 1930s New York City: Grant's Tomb, Riverside Dr )

27 April - The British Parliament passes the Tea Act in1773

 

The Tea Act of 1773 was indeed a significant piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament on May 10, 1773. It was designed to address the financial struggles of the British East India Company, which was facing financial difficulties due to a surplus of tea in its warehouses.

The Tea Act allowed the East India Company to bypass colonial tea merchants and sell its surplus tea directly to the American colonies, thereby eliminating the middlemen and reducing the price of tea for the colonists. However, the act also maintained the existing taxes on tea, which had been imposed by the Townshend Acts of 1767.

Despite the lower price of tea, many colonists opposed the Tea Act because it was seen as a violation of their rights to representation and self-governance. They believed that by allowing the British East India Company to monopolize the tea trade, the British government was exerting undue control over the colonies' economy.

The Tea Act ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, when a group of colonists, disguised as Native Americans, boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped chests of tea into the water in protest against the Tea Act and British taxation without representation.

The British government responded to the Boston Tea Party with harsh measures, including the passage of the Coercive Acts (known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies), which further escalated tensions between Britain and its American colonies, eventually leading to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.

 

27 April - Sierra Leone Independence Day

 

Sierra Leone Independence Day is celebrated on April 27th. On this day in 1961, Sierra Leone gained independence from British colonial rule. After years of struggle and activism led by prominent figures such as Sir Milton Margai and others, Sierra Leone became a sovereign nation.

Independence Day in Sierra Leone is a significant national holiday marked by various ceremonies, events, and celebrations across the country. These may include parades, cultural performances, speeches by political leaders, flag-raising ceremonies, and community gatherings.

The day serves as an opportunity for Sierra Leoneans to reflect on their nation's history, honor the sacrifices made by their forebears in the fight for independence, and celebrate the progress and achievements made since gaining independence. It is also a time to reaffirm national unity, pride, and commitment to the development and prosperity of Sierra Leone.

 

27 April - Togo Independence Day

 

April 27th is indeed celebrated as Independence Day in Togo. On this day in 1960, Togo gained independence from French colonial rule. After years of struggle and resistance against colonial domination, Togo became a sovereign nation, marking a significant milestone in its history.

Independence Day in Togo is celebrated with various festivities, including parades, cultural events, music, dance, and traditional ceremonies. It is a time for Togolese people to reflect on their nation's history, achievements, and challenges, as well as to honor the sacrifices made by their ancestors in the fight for independence.

Throughout the country, flags are flown, and public buildings and streets are decorated in the national colors of green, yellow, and red. The day is also marked by speeches from political leaders, cultural performances, and community gatherings. Independence Day in Togo is a time of national pride and unity, as well as an opportunity to reaffirm the country's commitment to progress, development, and democracy.

 

27 April - King’s Day (Koningsdag) in the Netherlands

 

King's Day, known as Koningsdag in Dutch, is a national holiday in the Netherlands celebrated on April 27th. It marks the birthday of King Willem-Alexander, who ascended to the throne on April 30, 2013, following the abdication of his mother, Queen Beatrix.

Koningsdag is one of the most widely celebrated and anticipated events in the Netherlands, characterized by vibrant festivities, colorful street markets, live music, parades, and traditional Dutch culture. People across the country dress in orange, the national color, to honor the Dutch royal family, who belong to the House of Orange-Nassau.

The celebrations typically begin on the evening of April 26th, known as Koningsnacht (King's Night), with concerts, parties, and other events taking place throughout the night. On Koningsdag itself, cities and towns come alive with outdoor flea markets (vrijmarkt), where people sell second-hand goods, food, and drinks on the streets. There are also various cultural and sporting activities, as well as boat parades in Amsterdam and other waterways.

Koningsdag is not only a day of national pride and celebration but also an opportunity for people to come together, socialize, and enjoy the festive atmosphere. It reflects the Dutch spirit of unity, diversity, and community.

 

27 April - South Africa Freedom Day

 

South Africa Freedom Day is celebrated annually on April 27th. It commemorates the first democratic elections held in South Africa on April 27, 1994, which marked the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era of freedom and democracy in the country.

After decades of racial segregation, oppression, and resistance, the apartheid regime was dismantled, and Nelson Mandela, the iconic anti-apartheid leader, was elected as the first black president of South Africa. The historic elections of 1994 were a milestone in the country's history, symbolizing the triumph of democracy over discrimination and the beginning of a journey towards reconciliation and nation-building.

Freedom Day is a national holiday in South Africa, observed with various ceremonies, events, and celebrations across the country. It serves as a time for reflection on the progress made since the end of apartheid, as well as a reminder of the ongoing challenges and the commitment to building a more inclusive and prosperous society for all South Africans.

 

27 April - World Tapir Day

 

World Tapir Day is observed on April 27th every year. It's a day dedicated to raising awareness about tapirs, their conservation status, and the threats they face in the wild. Tapirs are large, herbivorous mammals found in Central and South America, as well as in parts of Southeast Asia. They are often referred to as "living fossils" due to their ancient lineage and unique appearance.

World Tapir Day aims to educate the public about the importance of protecting tapir species and their habitats. Activities on this day may include educational programs, conservation initiatives, fundraising events for tapir-related projects, and social media campaigns to spread awareness.

The day serves as a reminder of the urgent need for conservation efforts to safeguard tapirs and their ecosystems from threats such as habitat loss, fragmentation, hunting, and illegal wildlife trade. By celebrating World Tapir Day, organizations and individuals contribute to the preservation of these fascinating and ecologically important animals.

 

27 April - Treaty of Utrecht

 

The Treaty of Utrecht was a series of agreements signed between various European powers between April 11 and July 13, 1713, in the Dutch city of Utrecht. These agreements marked the end of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), a conflict primarily fought over the succession to the Spanish throne after the death of the last Spanish Habsburg monarch, Charles II.

The treaty had several key provisions:

1. Spanish Succession: The treaty recognized Philip V, the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, as the legitimate king of Spain. However, it stipulated that the French and Spanish crowns should remain separate to prevent the union of the two powerful kingdoms.

2. Territorial Adjustments: The treaty resulted in significant territorial changes in Europe and overseas. Spain ceded territories including Naples, Milan, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) to various powers such as Austria, Savoy, and the Dutch Republic. Gibraltar and Minorca were ceded to Britain.

3. Trade and Commerce: The treaty established favorable commercial arrangements for Britain, including access to Spanish territories and the lucrative slave trade with the Spanish colonies in the Americas.

4. Recognition of Sovereignty: The treaty recognized the sovereignty of various states, including the Dutch Republic and the Protestant succession in England, effectively ending the ambitions of Louis XIV to expand his territory and influence in Europe.

The Treaty of Utrecht is considered a significant diplomatic milestone in European history as it helped establish a balance of power and brought an end to decades of conflict. It also laid the groundwork for the rise of Britain as a major global power in the 18th century. However, it also sowed the seeds for future conflicts, particularly regarding the ongoing rivalry between Britain and France.

 

27 April - Zohra Segal birth anniversary

 

Zohra Sehgal was a legendary Indian actress and dancer who was born on 27 April 1912, in Saharanpur, British India (now in Uttar Pradesh, India), and she passed away on 10 July 2014. She had an illustrious career spanning over seven decades in both Indian and British cinema and theater.

Zohra Sehgal began her career as a dancer with the Uday Shankar Ballet Troupe and later transitioned to acting. She appeared in numerous Indian films, including classics like "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam," "Bhaji on the Beach," "Dil Se..," and "Cheeni Kum." She also gained international recognition for her roles in films such as "Bend It Like Beckham" and "The Mystic Masseur."

Apart from her film career, Sehgal was also actively involved in theater and television. Her vibrant personality and versatile acting skills earned her widespread admiration and accolades throughout her career. Zohra Sehgal's contributions to Indian cinema and culture have left an indelible mark, and she is remembered as one of the pioneering figures in the industry.

 

26 April - World Intellectual Property Day

 

World Intellectual Property Day is observed annually on 26 April. The event was established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2000 to "raise awareness of how patents, copyright, trademarks and designs impact on daily life" and "to celebrate creativity, and the contribution made by creators and innovators to the development of societies across the globe". 26 April was chosen as the date for World Intellectual Property Day because it coincides with the date on which the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization entered into force in 1970.

26 April - Carl Bosch death anniversary

 

Carl Bosch, the German chemist and engineer, passed away on April 26, 1940. He was a key figure in the development of the Haber-Bosch process, a method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. This process revolutionized agriculture and the production of fertilizers, leading to significant increases in food production and helping to alleviate global hunger.

Bosch's contributions to the chemical industry were immense, and his work had a profound impact on various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and energy production. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 in recognition of his role in the development of the Haber-Bosch process. Bosch's legacy continues to be celebrated in the scientific community for his pioneering work in industrial chemistry.

26 April - Michael Smith birth anniversary

 

Michael Smith, born on April 26, 1932, was a British-Canadian biochemist who made significant contributions to molecular biology and genetics. He is particularly renowned for his groundbreaking research on site-directed mutagenesis, a technique that allows specific alterations to be made in DNA sequences. This technique revolutionized the field of molecular biology by enabling scientists to study the function of individual genes in a precise manner.

Smith's work laid the foundation for numerous advancements in biotechnology, including the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene therapy, and the production of pharmaceuticals through recombinant DNA technology. For his contributions, Michael Smith was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993, which he shared with Kary Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Smith's legacy continues to inspire scientists and researchers in the fields of genetics and biotechnology.

26 April - Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein birth anniversary

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher born on April 26, 1889. He is regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, particularly known for his work in logic, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. Wittgenstein's major works include the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus," published in 1921, and the posthumously published "Philosophical Investigations" (1953), which presented a departure from his earlier views. His ideas have had a profound impact on various fields, including philosophy, logic, linguistics, and cognitive science. Wittgenstein's work continues to be studied and debated by scholars worldwide.

26 April - Melania Trump birthday

 

Melania Trump is a Slovenian-American former fashion model and the wife of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States. She served as the First Lady of the United States from January 20, 2017, to January 20, 2021, during her husband's presidency.

Born Melanija Knavs on April 26, 1970, in Novo Mesto, Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia), Melania began her modeling career in her native country before moving to Milan, Italy, and later to New York City in 1996. She achieved success as a fashion model, working with several well-known photographers and designers.

Melania Trump became a prominent figure during her husband's presidential campaign in 2016, and as First Lady, she focused on initiatives related to children's well-being, such as her "Be Best" campaign, which aimed to address issues such as cyberbullying and opioid abuse among children.

Throughout her tenure as First Lady, Melania Trump was often a subject of public interest and scrutiny, both for her fashion choices and for her actions and statements as part of the presidential administration.

Since leaving the White House, Melania Trump has maintained a relatively low public profile, though she continues to be an occasional subject of news and discussion, particularly regarding her post-White House life and any potential future endeavors.

 

26 April - Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964

 

April 26th is celebrated as Union Day in Tanzania. This day commemorates the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which occurred on April 26, 1964, forming the United Republic of Tanzania.

The union between Tanganyika, which had gained independence from British colonial rule in 1961, and Zanzibar, which had gained independence from British colonial rule in 1963, was a significant moment in Tanzanian history. The merger of these two territories created a unified nation that brought together different ethnic and cultural groups under one government.

Union Day is typically marked with various events and celebrations across Tanzania, including official ceremonies, parades, cultural performances, and speeches highlighting the importance of national unity and solidarity. It serves as an occasion for Tanzanians to reflect on their shared history, values, and aspirations as a unified nation.

26 April - Shyama Shastri birth anniversary

 

Shyama Shastri, the renowned composer of Carnatic music, was born on April 26, 1762. He was one of the Trinity of Carnatic music, alongside Tyagaraja and Muthuswami Dikshitar. Shyama Shastri's compositions are cherished for their emotional depth and intricate melodies, reflecting his devotion to the divine. His contributions to Carnatic music continue to be celebrated and performed widely to this day.

26 April - Marcus Aurelius birth anniversary

 

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor who ruled from 161 to 180 AD. He is often remembered as one of the "Five Good Emperors" of Rome and is renowned for his philosophical reflections, particularly captured in his work "Meditations."

Born on 26 April 121 AD, Marcus Aurelius was adopted by the emperor Antoninus Pius and succeeded him to the throne. During his reign, he faced numerous challenges, including wars against invading Germanic tribes in the north and conflicts with the Parthian Empire in the east.

Despite the demands of ruling an empire, Marcus Aurelius devoted himself to the study of Stoic philosophy, which emphasized self-discipline, reason, and acceptance of fate. His "Meditations" is a collection of personal reflections and philosophical insights, written in Greek during his military campaigns.

Marcus Aurelius is remembered for his commitment to virtue and his leadership during challenging times. His writings have influenced countless individuals over the centuries and continue to be studied for their timeless wisdom and guidance on living a life of moral integrity and inner peace.

Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180 AD, while campaigning against the Quadi, a Germanic tribe, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most respected and admired emperors in Roman history.

 

26 April - Confederate Memorial Day

 

Confederate Memorial Day in Florida is observed on April 26th. It is a day set aside to honor the memory of those who served and died fighting for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Confederate Memorial Day is recognized in several states across the southern United States, with each state observing it on different dates.

In Florida, Confederate Memorial Day is a state holiday, and it is often marked by ceremonies, parades, and memorial events organized by various organizations, including historical societies, veterans' groups, and Confederate heritage organizations. These events may include the laying of wreaths, the playing of taps, the raising of Confederate flags, and speeches honoring the sacrifices of Confederate soldiers and civilians.

While Confederate Memorial Day is a day of remembrance for some, it is also a controversial observance due to its association with the Confederacy and the legacy of slavery and racism in the United States. In recent years, there has been debate and discussion about the appropriateness of continuing to observe Confederate holidays and memorialize Confederate symbols in public spaces.

 

26 April - Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson death anniversary

 

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson, passed away on 26 April 1910, was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit", becoming the first Norwegian Nobel laureate. Bjørnson is considered to be one of The Four Greats among Norwegian writers, the others being Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland. Bjørnson is also celebrated for his lyrics to the Norwegian National Anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet".

26 April - Arno Allan Penzias birth anniversary

 

Arno Allan Penzias was born on April 26, 1933, in Munich, Germany. His family fled Nazi Germany in 1939, and they eventually settled in New York City, United States.

Penzias earned his Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the City College of New York in 1954 and received his Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University in 1962.

In 1963, Penzias joined Bell Labs (AT&T Bell Laboratories) in New Jersey, where he began his groundbreaking work in radio astronomy. Alongside Robert Wilson, he conducted experiments using a large horn antenna originally built for satellite communication research.

In 1964, Penzias and Wilson made a serendipitous discovery: they detected a faint microwave radiation permeating the universe. Initially, they thought the signal was due to equipment malfunction or interference, but after ruling out all other possible sources, they realized they had discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, a remnant of the Big Bang.

This discovery provided compelling evidence for the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since. Penzias and Wilson's work confirmed many predictions of the Big Bang model and helped establish it as the prevailing cosmological framework.

For their groundbreaking discovery, Penzias and Wilson were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. The Nobel Committee recognized their "discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which confirmed the predictions of the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe."

Following his tenure at Bell Labs, Penzias held various positions in academia and industry. He served as Vice President of Research at Bell Labs and later as Chief Scientist at Lucent Technologies. He also held academic appointments at institutions such as Harvard University, Princeton University, and the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Throughout his career, Penzias has received numerous honors and awards for his contributions to physics and cosmology. He remains an influential figure in the field of astrophysics and continues to contribute to scientific research and education.

26 April - Sir Owen Willans Richardson

 

Sir Owen Willans Richardson was a British physicist who made significant contributions to the field of physics, particularly in the study of thermionics and electron emission. He was born on 26 April 1879, in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England, and he passed away on 15 February 1959.

Richardson is best known for his work on the emission of electrons from metals, known as the "Richardson effect" or "Richardson-Dushman equation." This work laid the foundation for the development of electron tubes and electron microscopy, which have had profound implications in various fields, including electronics, telecommunications, and materials science.

In 1928, Richardson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him. His work has had a lasting impact on the understanding of electron emission and has paved the way for numerous technological advancements.

In addition to his research contributions, Richardson had a distinguished academic career, holding positions at various universities, including Princeton University and the University of London. He was knighted in 1939 for his services to science.

Sir Owen Willans Richardson's legacy continues to be honored in the field of physics, where his discoveries and contributions remain fundamental to our understanding of electron behavior and the development of electronic devices.

26 April - Nitin Bose birth anniversary

 

Nitin Bose, born on 26 April 1897, was an Indian film director, cinematographer and screenwriter of the nation's film industry. He was born in Calcutta and died in the same city. In the 1930s and early 1940s, he worked with New Theatres, who made bilingual movies: in both Bengali and Hindi. Later, he moved to Bombay and directed under the banners of Bombay Talkies and Filmistan.

26 April - Krushna Chandra Gajapati birth anniversary

 

 

Krushna Chandra Gajapati, born on 26 April 1892, was a key personality and regarded as the architect of an Independent united Odisha State. Sir Gajapati was a scion of the great Ganga Dynasty of Paralakhemundi, a Great Freedom Fighter, and one of the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution, being a Member of the Constituent Assembly of India. The present-day Gajapati District of Odisha which was earlier a part of the historic Ganjam district was named after him

25 April - National Telephone Day USA

 

National Telephone Day in the USA is celebrated on April 25th each year. This day commemorates the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The telephone revolutionized communication, allowing people to speak directly to one another over long distances, which was previously unimaginable. Today, the telephone continues to be a vital tool in both personal and business communication, albeit in various forms such as landlines, cell phones, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. National Telephone Day serves as a reminder of the profound impact that this invention has had on society.

25 April - India's first telecast colour broadcasting started on Dordarshan in 1982

 

On April 25, 1982, India's national public broadcaster, Doordarshan, began its first color broadcast. This marked a significant milestone in Indian television history, offering viewers a richer and more vibrant viewing experience. It's interesting how such moments mark technological advancements and cultural shifts in society.

Doordarshan is India's public service broadcaster, operated by the Prasar Bharati, which is an autonomous body. It was established in 1959 and has been a cornerstone of Indian television since then. Doordarshan initially started as a single channel but has since expanded to multiple channels offering a diverse range of programming, including news, entertainment, sports, and educational content. Over the years, Doordarshan has played a crucial role in shaping India's television landscape and has been a vital medium for information dissemination and entertainment for millions of viewers across the country.

 

25 April - Anders Celsius death anniversary

 

Anders Celsius, the Swedish astronomer and physicist who created the Celsius temperature scale, passed away on 25 April 1744. He was born on 27 November 1701, in Uppsala, Sweden.

Anders Celsius is best known for developing the Celsius temperature scale, which is based on dividing the temperature range between the freezing and boiling points of water into 100 equal parts. Originally, Celsius's scale was inverted, with 0 representing the boiling point of water and 100 representing the freezing point. However, the scale was later reversed to its current form, with 0 representing the freezing point and 100 representing the boiling point.

In addition to his work on temperature measurement, Celsius made significant contributions to astronomy, including observations of the aurora borealis and the study of the shape of the Earth.

Anders Celsius's legacy lives on through the Celsius temperature scale, which is widely used in science, meteorology, and everyday life around the world. His contributions to the fields of astronomy and physics continue to be recognized and celebrated by scientists and scholars.

25 April - Ramanuja birth anniversary

 

Ramanuja (25Th April 1017 CE – 1137 CE;), also known as Ramanujacharya, was an Indian Hindu philosopher, guru and a social reformer. He is noted to be one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. His philosophical foundations for devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.

25 April - Edward II (King of England) birth anniversary

 

Edward II, the King of England, was born on April 25, 1284. He was the son of King Edward I and Eleanor of Castile. Edward II ruled as King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in 1327.

Edward II's reign was marked by political turmoil, military conflicts, and tensions with the nobility. He faced challenges from powerful barons, including his cousin Thomas of Lancaster, who resented his favoritism towards certain courtiers, particularly Piers Gaveston and later Hugh Despenser.

One of the significant events during Edward II's reign was the First War of Scottish Independence, led by the Scottish hero Robert the Bruce. Edward II suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, which led to the loss of English control over Scotland.

Edward II's reign was also characterized by personal controversies, including his relationship with Piers Gaveston, which was viewed as excessive and led to tensions within the nobility. After Gaveston's execution in 1312, Edward II's conflicts with the barons continued, culminating in his deposition in 1327.

Following his deposition, Edward II was succeeded by his son, Edward III, and he was imprisoned in Berkeley Castle. There are historical accounts that suggest Edward II was murdered in 1327, although the circumstances surrounding his death remain a subject of debate among historians.

Edward II's reign is often remembered as a turbulent period in English history, marked by political instability, military setbacks, and conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility. Despite his shortcomings as a ruler, Edward II remains a figure of historical interest and intrigue.

25 April - Louis IX (King of France) birth anniversary

 

Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis, was a revered monarch who ruled as King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He was born on April 25, 1214, in Poissy, France, and was the eldest son of King Louis VIII and Queen Blanche of Castile.

Louis IX ascended to the throne at the age of twelve following the death of his father. Throughout his reign, he was known for his piety, justice, and devotion to the Catholic Church. He earned the title of "Saint" for his personal holiness and his efforts to promote the Christian faith.

As king, Louis IX implemented various reforms aimed at improving the administration of justice and ensuring fair treatment for his subjects. He established royal courts known as "parlements" to hear appeals and dispense justice throughout the kingdom. Louis IX also enacted laws to protect the rights of the poor and marginalized, earning a reputation for his commitment to social justice.

One of Louis IX's most significant achievements was his role as a peacemaker and mediator in European politics. He negotiated treaties to end conflicts between European powers and sought to maintain stability within his kingdom and beyond.

Louis IX is perhaps best known for his participation in the Crusades. He led two Crusades to the Holy Land, the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) and the Eighth Crusade (1270), in an attempt to reclaim Jerusalem for Christendom. However, both campaigns ended in failure, and Louis IX died of dysentery near Tunis, North Africa, during the Eighth Crusade.

Louis IX was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church in 1297, making him the only French king to receive such an honor. He is venerated as the patron saint of France, and his legacy continues to inspire reverence and admiration for his piety, humility, and commitment to justice.

 

25 April - Construction of the Suez Canal begins.

 

The construction of the Suez Canal began on April 25, 1859. The Suez Canal is an artificial waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, providing a crucial shortcut for maritime trade between Europe and Asia. The idea of constructing a canal linking the two seas dates back to ancient times, but it wasn't until the 19th century that the project came to fruition.

The Suez Canal was constructed under the leadership of French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, who obtained a concession from the Egyptian government to build and operate the canal. Construction work began in April 1859 and was completed ten years later, with the canal officially opening on November 17, 1869.

The construction of the Suez Canal was a monumental engineering feat, involving the excavation of a navigable waterway through the isthmus of Suez, a narrow strip of land separating Africa from the Sinai Peninsula. The canal's completion significantly reduced the distance and time required for maritime trade between Europe and Asia, revolutionizing global shipping routes and facilitating the movement of goods and people between the continents.

The Suez Canal remains one of the world's most important waterways, serving as a vital artery for international trade and commerce. Its strategic location and economic significance have made it a focal point of geopolitical tensions and conflicts throughout history.

25 April - Al Pacino birthday

 

Al Pacino, the legendary American actor, was born on April 25, 1940. He has had a prolific and celebrated career in film, theater, and television, earning numerous accolades and awards for his performances. Pacino is renowned for his versatility, intensity, and memorable portrayals of complex characters.

Throughout his career, Al Pacino has delivered iconic performances in a wide range of roles, including Michael Corleone in "The Godfather" trilogy, Tony Montana in "Scarface," Frank Serpico in "Serpico," and Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in "Scent of a Woman," for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1993.

In addition to his film work, Pacino has also achieved critical acclaim for his performances on the stage, appearing in numerous Broadway productions and earning Tony Awards for his roles in "Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?" and "The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel."

Al Pacino's influence on the world of cinema and performing arts is immense, and his contributions to the craft of acting have left an indelible mark on generations of actors and filmmakers. He continues to be regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time.

 

25 April - Anzac Day (Australia,New Zealand, Tonga)

 

ANZAC Day is observed annually on April 25th in Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, and other countries to commemorate the service and sacrifice of Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who fought during World War I. The date marks the anniversary of the landing of ANZAC troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey on April 25, 1915, during the First World War.

The Gallipoli Campaign was a significant military campaign in which ANZAC forces, alongside British and French troops, attempted to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open up a supply route to Russia. However, the campaign ultimately ended in failure, with heavy casualties on both sides. Despite the military defeat, the bravery, resilience, and camaraderie displayed by ANZAC soldiers during the campaign left a lasting impression on the national identities of Australia and New Zealand.

ANZAC Day is observed with various ceremonies and traditions, including:

1. Dawn Services: Dawn services are held at war memorials, cenotaphs, and other commemorative sites across Australia, New Zealand, and other locations. These services typically include a dawn vigil, the playing of bugle calls such as the "Last Post" and "Reveille," and the laying of wreaths in remembrance of the fallen.

2. Commemorative Services: Commemorative services, including marches, parades, and religious ceremonies, are held throughout the day to honor the service and sacrifice of ANZAC soldiers. These services often involve veterans, serving military personnel, community groups, and dignitaries.

3. ANZAC Day Marches: ANZAC Day marches are held in major cities and towns, with veterans, military personnel, and descendants of ANZAC soldiers participating to pay tribute to those who served.

4. Wreath-laying Ceremonies: Wreath-laying ceremonies are conducted at war memorials and cenotaphs, where wreaths are laid by dignitaries, military representatives, and members of the public as a mark of respect for the fallen.

ANZAC Day is a solemn and reflective occasion that holds deep significance for Australians, New Zealanders, Tongans, and others who honor the memory of those who served and sacrificed for their countries. It is also a time to reflect on the broader themes of courage, mateship, and national identity that emerged from the ANZAC experience and continue to resonate to this day.

 

25 April - Freedom Day (Portugal)

 

Freedom Day (Dia da Liberdade) in Portugal is celebrated on April 25th each year. This significant day commemorates the Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos) of 1974, which ended decades of authoritarian rule under the Estado Novo regime.

On April 25, 1974, a peaceful military coup led by the Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas) took place in Portugal. The revolution, characterized by its nonviolent nature and the widespread use of red carnations as a symbol of peace, resulted in the overthrow of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, which had been in power since 1933 under the leadership of António de Oliveira Salazar and later Marcelo Caetano.

The Carnation Revolution brought an end to censorship, political repression, and colonial wars, paving the way for the establishment of democracy and fundamental freedoms in Portugal. Following the revolution, Portugal transitioned to a democratic government, with the first free elections held in 1975 and the adoption of a new democratic constitution in 1976.

Freedom Day is celebrated across Portugal with various events, including parades, concerts, cultural performances, and public speeches. It serves as a reminder of the resilience and courage of the Portuguese people in their quest for freedom, democracy, and social justice. Freedom Day is also an occasion to reflect on the achievements of the democratic era and to reaffirm the commitment to upholding the principles of liberty, equality, and human rights.

25 April - Liberation Day (Italy)

 

Liberation Day (Festa della Liberazione) in Italy is celebrated on April 25th each year. It commemorates the liberation of Italy from Nazi occupation and fascist rule during World War II.

On April 25, 1945, Italian partisans, resistance fighters, and Allied forces launched an uprising against German forces and the remaining fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. This uprising, known as the Italian Liberation Movement (Movimento di Liberazione Italiana), played a crucial role in the eventual defeat of the Axis powers and the liberation of Italy.

Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy, marked by various events and ceremonies across the country. These may include:

1. Commemorative Gatherings: People gather in towns and cities across Italy to commemorate the sacrifices made by resistance fighters and to honor the memory of those who lost their lives in the struggle for liberation.

2. Parades and Processions: Military parades, processions, and marches are held in some cities to pay tribute to the Italian resistance and the role of Allied forces in liberating the country.

3. Wreath-laying Ceremonies: Official representatives and members of the public lay wreaths and flowers at memorials, monuments, and cemeteries dedicated to the victims of World War II and the Italian resistance.

4. Cultural Events: Concerts, exhibitions, film screenings, and other cultural events are organized to reflect on the history of the Italian resistance and the significance of Liberation Day in Italy's national identity.

Liberation Day is not only a time to remember the past but also a moment to reaffirm Italy's commitment to democracy, freedom, and human rights. It serves as a reminder of the importance of resisting tyranny and oppression, and the enduring values of peace, justice, and solidarity.