10 February - John Franklin Enders birth anniversary

 

John Franklin Enders (10 February 1897 – 08 September 1985) was an American biomedical scientist and Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine. He is best known for his work on the cultivation of viruses, which laid the foundation for the development of vaccines, particularly the polio vaccine.

Here are some key points about John Franklin Enders:

1. Polio Vaccine: Enders, along with his colleagues Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for their groundbreaking work on the cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in non-nervous tissue cultures. This paved the way for the development of the polio vaccine.

2. Cultivation of Viruses: Prior to Enders' work, many viruses, including the poliovirus, could not be easily studied or developed into vaccines because they could not be cultivated in laboratory conditions. Enders and his team's success in growing the poliovirus in tissue cultures was a major breakthrough.

3. Early Life and Education: John Enders was born on February 10, 1897, in West Hartford, Connecticut. He earned his undergraduate degree from Yale University and his medical degree from Harvard Medical School.

4. Mumps and Measles Vaccines: Enders continued his research on virus cultivation and was involved in the development of vaccines for mumps and measles. The successful cultivation of these viruses in the laboratory allowed for the development of effective vaccines.

5. Career: Enders had a distinguished career as a medical researcher and educator. He held various academic positions, including at Harvard Medical School and the Children's Hospital Boston. He made significant contributions to virology and immunology.

John Franklin Enders' work not only revolutionized the study of viruses but also had a profound impact on public health by enabling the development of vaccines that have saved countless lives. His contributions to the field of virology have had lasting implications in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

 

10 February - The Penny Red historic British postage stamp issued in 1841

 

The Penny Red is a historic British postage stamp that was issued on 10 February 1841. It succeeded the Penny Black and was the world's second adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. The Penny Red featured a portrait of Queen Victoria, similar to the Penny Black, but the color was changed to red to address difficulties with the cancellation marks on the black stamp.

The Penny Red went through various printings and perforation changes during its use, and it became one of the most iconic and widely used postage stamps in the 19th century. It remained in circulation for many years, with different versions and variations, making it a notable part of philatelic history.

 

10 February - Eritrea observes Fenkil Day

 

Fenkil Day is celebrated in Eritrea on February 10. The Second Battle of Massawa, also known as the Fenkil Offensive, was one of the pivotal battles in the Eritrean War for Independence and is commemorated during this event.

On September 1st, 1961, the Eritrean War for Independence commenced. The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), an armed organisation that fought for the nation's independence, was established in 1970 by a group of left-leaning intellectuals. The EPLF forces launched their onslaught against the Ethiopian army in the vicinity of Massawa on February 8, 1990. The city was taken by the EPLF forces on the third day. 

To commemorate this achievement Eritrea Post issued a set of 3 stamps in the year 2004, on the occasion of 14th Anniversary of the Liberation of Massawa. The stamps come with the denominations of 3Eritrean nakfa, 3Eritrean nakfa, and 4Eritrean nakfa depicting different aspects of the Fenkil Operation.

Image Courtesy: colnect.com

10 February - South American revolutionary Simon Bolivar became the ruler of Colombia.

 

Simón Bolívar, a prominent South American revolutionary leader, played a crucial role in the liberation of several South American countries from Spanish colonial rule. He was a key figure in the fight for independence in the early 19th century. Bolívar, often referred to as "El Libertador," contributed significantly to the liberation of several present-day countries, including Colombia.

After successfully leading military campaigns and achieving independence, Bolívar became involved in the political processes of the newly liberated nations. He played a central role in the establishment of Gran Colombia, a republic that encompassed parts of modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.

Simón Bolívar did not become a ruler in the sense of a long-term autocrat. Instead, he served as the president of Gran Colombia from 1819 to 1830. However, political challenges, regional conflicts, and internal divisions led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830. Following this, Bolívar resigned and went into exile.

While Bolívar's dream of a united and stable South America was not fully realized, his legacy as a liberator and visionary leader is celebrated in the region. Multiple countries, including Bolivia, are named in his honor. Simón Bolívar is remembered as one of the key figures in the struggle for South American independence.

 

10 February - National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe (Italy)

 

February 10th is recognized as the "Giorno del Ricordo" or "Day of Remembrance" in Italy. This day is dedicated to commemorating the victims of the Foibe massacres and the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus that occurred after World War II. The events leading to the establishment of this memorial day are linked to the complex historical and political context of post-war Italy.

The "Giorno del Ricordo" is a day for remembering and honoring those who suffered and lost their lives during the violence and displacement associated with the Foibe massacres and related historical events. It serves as a national moment of reflection on the tragic events that unfolded in the aftermath of World War II, particularly in the regions of Istria, Venezia Giulia, and Dalmatia.

On this day, ceremonies, memorial services, and educational initiatives take place across Italy to raise awareness about the historical significance of the Foibe massacres and the human toll of post-war political and ethnic conflicts.

 

10 February - Feast of St. Paul's Shipwreck (Malta)

 

The Feast of St. Paul's Shipwreck, locally known as "San Pawl Nawfragu" in Maltese, is a significant celebration in Malta held annually on February 10th. The feast commemorates the shipwreck of the Apostle Paul on the island of Malta, an event mentioned in the Bible in the Acts of the Apostles.

According to tradition, the ship carrying St. Paul, who was being taken to Rome as a prisoner, encountered a storm and ran aground on the island of Malta in 60 AD. The Maltese people welcomed and hosted the survivors, including St. Paul, for three months during their stay on the island. St. Paul is said to have healed the father of Publius, a leading figure on the island, and converted many Maltese to Christianity.

The Feast of St. Paul's Shipwreck is a public holiday in Malta and is celebrated with various events, both religious and cultural:

1. Religious Ceremonies: The day typically begins with a High Mass held at St. Paul's Cathedral in Mdina or at other churches dedicated to St. Paul. The liturgical celebrations are an essential part of the feast.

2. Processions: A statue of St. Paul is often carried in a religious procession through the streets of towns and villages. The procession is accompanied by religious hymns, prayers, and the participation of the local community.

3. Festivities: The celebration extends beyond the religious aspects, with various cultural and traditional events taking place. These may include local folk music, traditional dances, food stalls, and fireworks.

4. Cultural Significance: The feast holds cultural significance for the Maltese people, emphasizing the strong connection between St. Paul and the island. The story of St. Paul's shipwreck is considered a foundational moment in the history of Christianity in Malta.

The Feast of St. Paul's Shipwreck is an important day for both religious observance and community celebration, reflecting Malta's deep ties to its Christian heritage and traditions.

10 February - National Deworming Day

 

National Deworming Day is an initiative in India aimed at combating parasitic worm infections, particularly among children. The program is a part of the National Health Mission and is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

The primary focus of National Deworming Day is to provide deworming treatment to children in the age group of 1 to 19 years. The common parasitic worms targeted by this initiative include soil-transmitted helminths (STH) such as roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm.

Key features of National Deworming Day include:

1. Mass Deworming Campaigns: The program involves conducting mass deworming campaigns across schools and anganwadi centers to reach a large number of children.

2. Albendazole Administration: Albendazole, an anthelmintic medication, is the drug of choice for deworming. It is administered to eligible children in the form of tablets or syrup.

3. Health Education: The initiative includes health education and awareness programs to inform communities about the importance of deworming, the risks associated with worm infections, and preventive measures.

4. Regular Treatment: National Deworming Day is usually conducted biannually to ensure regular treatment and control of worm infections among the targeted age group.

Parasitic worm infections can affect a child's nutritional status, growth, and cognitive development. By conducting mass deworming campaigns, the government aims to reduce the prevalence of these infections and improve the overall health and well-being of children.

It's important to note that specific details about National Deworming Day, such as the timing and frequency of the campaigns, may be subject to updates and changes. For the most current and accurate information, it is recommended to refer to official health department sources in India or relevant government announcements.

 

10 February - Kurdish Authors Union Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)

 

In Iraqi Kurdistan (a Kurdish proto-state that constitutes the only autonomous region in Iraq) there are several holidays dedicated to the history and culture of Kurdistan. One of them is Kurdish Authors Union Day. It is celebrated annually on February 10.

The Kurds are an ethnic group that mostly inhabits parts of southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. They speak a collection of related dialects, collectively known as the Kurdish languages. They include Kurmanji, Sorani and Palewani. These three groups of dialects are not mutually intelligible.

The term “Kurdish literature” refers to literature written in any of the Kurdish dialects. Ali Hariri (1009–1079) is one of the first well-known Kurdish poets. He wrote his works in the Kurmanji dialect. Another famous Kurdish poet who wrote in Kurmanji is Ahmad Khani (1650–1707). His most important work is a Kurdish classic love story entitled Mam and Zin. The development of Kurdish literature in Sorani began somewhat later, in the late 18th century.

In Iraq, the development of the Kurdish language and Sorani literature is supported by the government. In 1970, the Kurdish Academic Council was established for academic studies in the Kurdish language and literature. There’s also the Kurdish Authors Union established on February 10, 1970. The anniversary of its establishment is an annual observance in Iraqi Kurdistan

10 February - Harold Macmillan birth anniversary

 

Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. He was born in London and came from a wealthy and influential family. Here are some key points about Harold Macmillan:

1. Military Service: Macmillan served in the British Army during both World Wars. He was wounded during World War I and served again in World War II, where he rose to the rank of major.

2. Political Career: Macmillan entered politics and was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stockton-on-Tees in 1924. Over the years, he held various ministerial positions, including Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister of Defence.

3. Prime Minister: Macmillan became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on January 10, 1957, succeeding Anthony Eden. His premiership saw economic challenges and the "Winds of Change" speech in 1960, which addressed the decolonization of Africa.

4. Cuban Missile Crisis: Macmillan was in office during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 when tensions rose between the United States and the Soviet Union. He played a diplomatic role in the resolution of the crisis.

5. Resignation: Macmillan resigned as Prime Minister in October 1963, citing health reasons. He was succeeded by Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

6. Legacy: Macmillan is often associated with the phrase "You've never had it so good," which he used in a speech referring to the state of the British economy during his premiership. His era is sometimes known as the "Macmillan Years."

7. Earldom: After his retirement from active politics, Macmillan was made Earl of Stockton in 1984, and he continued to write memoirs and engage in public life until his death.

Harold Macmillan's political career spanned several decades, and he played a significant role in shaping British politics during the mid-20th century.

 

10 February - Chinese Lunar New Year's Day

 

The Chinese Lunar New Year, also known as the Spring Festival or Chūn Jié (春节) in Chinese, marks the beginning of the lunar new year in the Chinese calendar. The date of the Chinese New Year varies each year, as it is based on the lunar calendar, and it typically falls between January 21 and February 20.

In 2024, the Chinese Lunar New Year's Day is on 10 February , which marks the beginning of the Year of the Dragon according to the Chinese zodiac. The Chinese New Year is a significant traditional festival celebrated by Chinese communities worldwide and is known for its vibrant cultural customs, festive decorations, family reunions, and various traditional activities.

Key features of the Chinese Lunar New Year celebration include:

1. Reunion Dinners: Families gather for a special reunion dinner on New Year's Eve, symbolizing unity and prosperity.

2. Lion and Dragon Dances: Colorful lion and dragon dances are performed to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits. People often participate in or watch these lively performances.

3. Fireworks and Firecrackers: The use of fireworks and firecrackers is a traditional way to ward off evil spirits and welcome the new year with joyous noise.

4. Red Decorations: Red is considered an auspicious color in Chinese culture, symbolizing good fortune and happiness. Red decorations, clothing, and envelopes with money (red packets or "hongbao") are prevalent.

5. Visiting Relatives and Friends: People visit each other's homes to offer New Year greetings and exchange well-wishes for the coming year.

6. Traditional Foods: Special New Year dishes, such as dumplings and fish, are prepared and enjoyed during the celebrations.

7. Temple Visits: Many people visit temples to pray for good fortune and make offerings to deities.

8. Cleaning and Decoration: Homes are thoroughly cleaned before the New Year to sweep away bad luck, and they are adorned with festive decorations.

The Chinese Lunar New Year is one of the most important and widely celebrated festivals in Chinese culture, and it is observed not only in China but also by Chinese communities around the world. The celebration lasts for about 15 days, concluding with the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the lunar new year.

10 February - Alexander Pushkin birth anniversary

 

Alexander Pushkin (Александр Сергеевич Пушкин) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist who is considered the founder of modern Russian literature. He was born on 06 June 1799, in Moscow, Russia, and died on 10 February 1837, in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Pushkin's literary contributions are vast and have had a profound impact on Russian literature. Some of his most famous works include the narrative poem "Eugene Onegin," the drama "Boris Godunov," and the fairy tales in verse, such as "Ruslan and Ludmila" and "The Tale of Tsar Saltan." Pushkin's writing style is known for its elegance, innovation, and lyricism.

Pushkin's legacy extends beyond his literary works; he played a significant role in shaping the Russian language and contributed to the development of Russian literature in the 19th century. His influence on subsequent generations of writers and poets is immeasurable, and he is often referred to as the "Russian Shakespeare."

 

10 February - World Pulses Day

 

World Pulses Day is an international day established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to recognize the importance of pulses (dry beans, lentils, dry peas, chickpeas, lupins) as a global food.

It has been designated on February 10 each year since 2019 by the seventy-third session of the United Nations General Assembly on December 20, 2018. The date aims to bring attention to activities and information connected to the pulse sector worldwide.

World Pulses Day provides an opportunity to raise awareness about the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed towards food security and nutrition.

The official designation is also linked to the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development--a comprehensive set of universal and transformative Sustainable Development Goals that seek to strengthen universal peace.

India accounts for 23.62% of world’s total pulses production in 2019-20.

10 February - Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India

 

Vasco da Gama set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India on 10 February 1502. This expedition was a continuation of the efforts to establish direct sea routes to the lucrative spice trade in India and to strengthen Portugal's presence in the Indian Ocean.

During his first voyage (1497–1499), Vasco da Gama had successfully reached Calicut (Kozhikode) on the southwestern coast of India, opening a sea route that avoided the overland routes controlled by Arab and Venetian traders. The second voyage aimed to consolidate Portuguese influence and secure trade agreements.

Key points about Vasco da Gama's second voyage:

1. Objectives: The primary objectives of the second voyage were to establish trade alliances, secure favorable agreements with local rulers, and expand Portuguese influence in the Indian Ocean region.

2. Conflict and Diplomacy: The journey was marked by both conflict and diplomacy. Vasco da Gama encountered resistance from Muslim traders who opposed Portuguese efforts to dominate the spice trade. At the same time, he established alliances with certain Hindu rulers.

3. Calicut and Quilon: Vasco da Gama revisited Calicut and engaged in diplomatic efforts. However, the relations soured, leading to conflict. He then proceeded to Quilon (Kollam), where he managed to secure a trade agreement.

4. Return to Portugal: After completing diplomatic and trade missions along the Indian coast, Vasco da Gama returned to Portugal in September 1503.

Vasco da Gama's voyages were instrumental in establishing a direct maritime route from Europe to India, contributing to the Age of Exploration and opening up the sea route to the East for subsequent European powers. These journeys had a profound impact on global trade and the establishment of European maritime empires.

10 February - Walter Houser Brattain birth anniversary

 

Walter Houser Brattain, an American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics, was born on 10 February 1902, in Amoy, China, and he passed away on 13 October 1987, in Seattle, Washington, USA. Brattain, along with John Bardeen and William Shockley, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a key component in modern electronic devices. The invention of the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and laid the foundation for the development of integrated circuits and the semiconductor industry.