04 July - Kanhoji Angre death anniversary

 

Kanhoji Angre, also known as Conajee Angria or Sarkhel Angre, was a prominent naval commander of the Maratha Empire in India. He is renowned for his naval prowess and for establishing Maratha naval dominance along the western coast of India during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

During April 1999, the Indian Postal Service released a Rupee 3 stamp showing a ghurab of Kanhoji Angre's fleet as depicted in a c. 1700 AD painting.

Key Points about Kanhoji Angre:

1. Early Life and Background:

   • Kanhoji Angre was born in 1669 in the Suvarnadurg fort near Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.
   • He came from a family with a maritime background, which influenced his future naval career.

2. Naval Commander:

   • Angre was appointed as the admiral (Sarkhel) of the Maratha navy by the Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Rajaram.
   • He established his base at the fortified island of Kolaba (now known as Alibag) and other forts along the Konkan coast.

3. Naval Tactics and Strategies:

   • Angre was known for his innovative naval tactics, which included the use of small, fast ships that could outmaneuver larger European vessels.
   • He effectively used guerrilla warfare at sea, taking advantage of the coastal geography.

4. Conflict with European Powers:

   • Angre's naval activities brought him into conflict with European colonial powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
   • He successfully challenged European dominance in the Arabian Sea, capturing numerous ships and exacting tolls and tributes from them.

5. Significant Battles:

   • Angre won several notable battles against the British East India Company and the Portuguese.
   • He defended key coastal fortifications and maintained control over important sea routes.

6. Legacy and Impact:

   • Kanhoji Angre's efforts significantly contributed to the Maratha Empire's maritime strength and protected the western coast from European colonization for several decades.
   • He is remembered as one of India's greatest naval heroes and is sometimes referred to as the "Shivaji of the Sea."

7. Death and Succession:

   • Kanhoji Angre died on 04 July 1729.
   • After his death, his legacy continued through his descendants and the Maratha navy, although his successors faced challenges in maintaining the same level of dominance.

Commemoration:

• Kanhoji Angre is commemorated in various ways, including statues, monuments, and naval bases named in his honor.
• The Indian Navy has named one of its bases INS Angre to honor his contributions to India's maritime history.

Kanhoji Angre's strategic brilliance and naval achievements left an indelible mark on Indian maritime history and continue to be celebrated as a symbol of indigenous resistance against colonial powers.

04 July - The "Indian Independence Bill" was introduced in the British House of Commons.

 

 

On 04 July 1947, the "Indian Independence Bill" was introduced in the British House of Commons. This pivotal piece of legislation proposed the end of British rule in India and the division of the British Indian Empire into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. This bill was a significant step towards the realization of independence for the Indian subcontinent, following decades of struggle and negotiation.

Key Aspects of the Indian Independence Bill:

1. Partition of British India:

   • The bill proposed the creation of two sovereign states, India and Pakistan, effective from August 15, 1947.
   • The partition was based on religious demographics, with predominantly Hindu regions forming India and predominantly Muslim regions forming Pakistan.

2. Autonomous Governance:

   • Both India and Pakistan were to be given complete autonomy and sovereignty.
   • Each dominion would have the right to create its own constitution.

3. Division of Assets:

   • The bill outlined the division of assets and liabilities between the two new countries.
   • This included the distribution of government property, military forces, and administrative infrastructure.

4. Boundary Demarcation:

   • A Boundary Commission, led by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, was established to delineate the borders between India and Pakistan.
   • The commission's decisions led to significant population movements and communal violence.

5. Princely States:

   • The princely states, which were semi-autonomous regions under British suzerainty, were given the option to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.

Historical Context:

• Struggle for Independence: The Indian Independence Movement, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, played a crucial role in mobilizing public sentiment and negotiating with the British authorities.
• World War II Impact: The economic and political pressures on Britain post-World War II accelerated the decolonization process.
• Communal Tensions: Rising communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims influenced the decision to partition the country.

Aftermath:

• Independence Day: Both India and Pakistan gained independence on August 15, 1947, marking the end of British colonial rule.
• Mass Migration and Violence: The partition led to one of the largest mass migrations in history, with millions of people crossing borders to join their chosen country, accompanied by widespread communal violence.

The introduction of the Indian Independence Bill on July 4, 1947, was a momentous event that reshaped the Indian subcontinent and had profound implications for the region's future.

 

04 July - Jackfruit Day

 

Jackfruit Day on July 4th is a celebration that emphasizes the significance of jackfruit, an underappreciated tropical fruit. Here are some detailed aspects of the celebration:

Nutritional Value

• Rich in Nutrients: Jackfruit is high in vitamin C, potassium, dietary fiber, and antioxidants.
• Low in Calories: It is relatively low in calories, making it a healthy addition to various diets.
• Protein Source: Though not very high in protein, jackfruit seeds can be boiled or roasted and provide a good protein source.

Culinary Uses

• Versatile Ingredient: Jackfruit can be used in sweet and savory dishes. Ripe jackfruit is sweet and can be eaten raw or used in desserts, while unripe jackfruit is often used as a meat substitute in savory dishes like curries and tacos.
• Vegan and Vegetarian Dishes: Its texture makes it an excellent substitute for pulled pork or chicken in vegan and vegetarian recipes.

Sustainability

• Eco-Friendly: Jackfruit trees are resilient and require less maintenance compared to other crops. They are drought-resistant and can grow in poor soil conditions, making them a sustainable food source.
• High Yield: A single jackfruit tree can produce a large number of fruits, which can help address food security issues in tropical regions.

Cultural Significance

• Traditional Food: In many Asian countries, jackfruit has been a traditional food for centuries. It is used in various cultural dishes and holds cultural significance in places like India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and the Philippines.
• Economic Impact: Jackfruit farming can provide a source of income for farmers in tropical regions, contributing to local economies.

Celebratory Activities

• Culinary Events: On Jackfruit Day, events might include cooking demonstrations, recipe sharing, and food festivals showcasing jackfruit-based dishes.
• Educational Campaigns: Activities to educate people about the health benefits, culinary uses, and environmental advantages of jackfruit.
• Social Media Campaigns: Sharing recipes, nutritional facts, and stories about jackfruit on social media platforms to spread awareness.

Jackfruit Day is an opportunity to explore this unique fruit and appreciate its contributions to health, cuisine, and sustainability.

04 July -- Giuseppe Garibaldi birth anniversary

 

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian military general, politician, and nationalist who played a crucial role in the unification of Italy in the 19th century. He was born on July 4, 1807, in Nice, which was then part of the French Empire, and died on June 2, 1882, in Caprera, Italy.

Garibaldi is considered one of the key figures in the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification. He was known for his military expertise, charismatic leadership, and unwavering commitment to the cause of Italian independence and unity. Garibaldi became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and national identity in Italy.

During his lifetime, Garibaldi participated in numerous military campaigns and revolutions, earning a reputation as a skilled guerrilla fighter. He was involved in conflicts in South America, notably in Uruguay and Brazil, where he fought for the independence of those countries. However, it was his involvement in the Italian unification process that brought him the most recognition.

In 1860, Garibaldi led the Expedition of the Thousand (Expedizione dei Mille) to liberate the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was then under Bourbon rule. His forces, composed of a small volunteer army, successfully overcame significant opposition and rapidly conquered Sicily and southern Italy. The campaign was a crucial step toward unifying Italy under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Although Garibaldi admired the republican ideals, he recognized the necessity of a unified Italy under a constitutional monarchy. After his military campaigns, he retired from active politics and settled on the island of Caprera, where he lived until his death. Despite his withdrawal from politics, Garibaldi remained a revered figure and a symbol of Italian unity.

 

04 July - Neil Simon birth anniversary

 

Neil Simon was an American playwright and screenwriter known for his comedic works. He was born on July 4, 1927, in The Bronx, New York City, and passed away on August 26, 2018, in New York City.

Simon's career spanned several decades, and he became one of the most successful and prolific playwrights in American theater history. He wrote over 30 plays, many of which achieved great popularity both on Broadway and in regional theaters. His works are known for their wit, humor, and insightful portrayals of human relationships and social dynamics.

Some of Neil Simon's most famous plays include "Barefoot in the Park" (1963), a romantic comedy about a newlywed couple adjusting to married life in New York City; "The Odd Couple" (1965), which portrays the mismatched cohabitation of two divorced men; and "The Sunshine Boys" (1972), a comedy about a pair of aging vaudevillians attempting to reunite for a television special.

Simon also had success in writing for the screen, and several of his plays were adapted into successful films. He received four Academy Award nominations for his screenwriting, including for "The Odd Couple," "The Goodbye Girl" (1977), "Chapter Two" (1979), and "California Suite" (1978).

Throughout his career, Neil Simon's works earned numerous awards and accolades, including several Tony Awards and a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. His ability to capture the humor and complexities of everyday life resonated with audiences, and his plays continue to be performed and enjoyed by theatergoers around the world.

 

04 July - Nathaniel Hawthorne birth anniversary

 

Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American author and one of the prominent figures in 19th-century American literature. He was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, and died on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.

Hawthorne is best known for his novel "The Scarlet Letter," which was published in 1850 and has since become a classic of American literature. Set in Puritan New England, the novel explores themes of sin, guilt, redemption, and the complexities of human nature. "The Scarlet Letter" tells the story of Hester Prynne, a woman who is publicly condemned for committing adultery and forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" as a symbol of her sin.

Hawthorne's writing style often delved into psychological and moral complexities, exploring the darker aspects of human nature and the effects of guilt and sin on individuals and communities. His works frequently incorporated historical settings and allegorical elements, blending realism with elements of romance and symbolism.

In addition to "The Scarlet Letter," Hawthorne's other notable works include "The House of the Seven Gables" (1851), a novel that explores the themes of ancestral guilt and redemption, and "The Blithedale Romance" (1852), which draws on his experiences in a utopian community. He also wrote numerous short stories, including "Young Goodman Brown" and "The Minister's Black Veil," which often explored similar themes of sin, morality, and the human condition.

During his lifetime, Hawthorne achieved moderate success as a writer, but he gained greater recognition and acclaim after his death. His works have had a lasting impact on American literature and continue to be studied and appreciated for their psychological depth, symbolism, and exploration of moral and social issues.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's contributions to American literature have solidified his place as one of the influential writers of his time, and his works remain widely read and studied today.

04 July - Rube Goldberg birth anniversary

 

Rube Goldberg was an American cartoonist, inventor, and engineer who is best known for his imaginative and elaborate contraptions known as "Rube Goldberg machines." He was born on July 4, 1883, in San Francisco, California, and passed away on December 7, 1970, in New York City.

Goldberg's cartoons, often depicting complicated machines performing simple tasks, became popular in the early 20th century. These machines were humorous and depicted convoluted and impractical mechanisms to accomplish mundane tasks, such as pouring a cup of coffee or turning off a light switch. His cartoons appeared in newspapers and gained widespread popularity.

Goldberg's inventions and contraptions inspired the concept of "Rube Goldberg machines" or "Rube Goldberg devices." These machines are now widely recognized as overly complex systems designed to achieve a simple goal through a series of convoluted and often unnecessary steps. They have become a popular subject for engineering competitions, art installations, and viral videos.

Goldberg's creativity and wit extended beyond his cartoons. He also worked as an engineer and held several patents for his inventions, which ranged from improved pencils and sanitary napkins to automatic stamp and envelope moisteners.

Rube Goldberg's legacy continues to influence popular culture and inspire creativity. His imaginative approach to problem-solving and his ability to find humor in the complexities of everyday life have made him an enduring figure in the fields of cartooning and invention. His name has become synonymous with the concept of overly complicated machines and serves as a testament to his unique and inventive spirit.

 

04 July - Nanak Singh birth anniversary

 

Nanak Singh, also known as Sardar Nanak Singh, was a prominent Punjabi writer and novelist. He was born on July 4, 1897, in the village of 'Nanakana Sahib' (now in Pakistan), which holds great historical and religious significance as the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism. Nanak Singh is often referred to as the "Father of the Punjabi Novel" for his significant contributions to Punjabi literature.

Nanak Singh began his writing career in the 1920s and went on to author more than 50 novels, several short stories, and plays. His writings focused on social issues, particularly the struggles and aspirations of the common people in rural Punjab. His works portrayed the realities of life, social injustices, and the challenges faced by individuals within the broader context of Punjabi society.

Nanak Singh's novels were characterized by their vivid descriptions, realistic characters, and emotional depth. His storytelling often highlighted the themes of love, patriotism, human relationships, and the impact of social norms on individuals. His writing style resonated with readers and played a significant role in popularizing the Punjabi novel as a literary form.

Some of Nanak Singh's notable novels include "Pavitra Paapi" (The Sacred Sinner), "Adh Khidya Phul" (Half-Eaten Flower), and "Mera Dushman" (My Enemy). His works have been translated into several languages and continue to be studied and appreciated for their literary value.

In addition to his contributions to literature, Nanak Singh actively participated in social and political movements. He was involved in the Indian freedom struggle and was imprisoned multiple times for his nationalist activities. He also worked towards the promotion and preservation of the Punjabi language and culture.

Nanak Singh's literary and social contributions earned him numerous accolades and recognition, including the Sahitya Akademi Award, one of India's highest literary honors, which he received for his novel "Rang Manch" in 1962. His impact on Punjabi literature and his dedication to social causes have made him a highly respected figure in the literary and cultural circles of Punjab. Nanak Singh passed away on November 28, 1971, leaving behind a rich literary legacy that continues to inspire readers and writers alike.

 

04 July - Swami Vivekananda death anniversary /Swami Vivekananda Memorial Day

 

Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) was an Indian Hindu monk and one of the most influential spiritual leaders of the 19th century. He played a key role in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.

Early Life

• Birth: Swami Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta on 12 January 1863, in Kolkata (then Calcutta), West Bengal, India.
• Family: His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court, and his mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.
• Education: Narendranath was a bright student and showed a keen interest in spirituality from a young age. He attended the Presidency College and the Scottish Church College in Kolkata, where he studied a variety of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social sciences, and literature.

Spiritual Journey

• Meeting Ramakrishna: His life changed when he met his spiritual guru, Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, in 1881. Under Ramakrishna's guidance, Narendranath embraced the monastic life and took the name Swami Vivekananda after Ramakrishna's death in 1886.
• Founding the Ramakrishna Mission: In 1897, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission, a religious and philanthropic organization, and the Ramakrishna Math, a monastic order.

Contributions and Achievements

• Parliament of the World's Religions (1893): Swami Vivekananda is best known for his speech at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893, where he began his address with the words "Sisters and brothers of America..." His eloquent speech introduced Hinduism to the Western world and earned him widespread acclaim.
• Teachings and Philosophy: He emphasized the importance of self-realization, the unity of all religions, and the potential divinity of every individual. His teachings focused on the upliftment of humanity through spiritual development and social service.
• Works: Some of his notable works include "Raja Yoga," "Karma Yoga," "Jnana Yoga," and "Bhakti Yoga," where he elaborates on the different paths to spiritual realization.

Death and Legacy

• Death: Swami Vivekananda passed away on 04 July 1902, at the age of 39, in Belur Math, West Bengal, India.
• Legacy: His ideas and teachings continue to inspire millions around the world. He is regarded as a patriotic saint in India, and his birthday 12 January, is celebrated as National Youth Day in India.

Influence

• Global Impact: Vivekananda's work has had a profound impact on the development of modern Hinduism and has influenced numerous spiritual leaders, thinkers, and political figures worldwide.
• Institutions: Numerous educational and cultural institutions have been established in his honor, promoting his vision of education, spirituality, and social service.

Swami Vivekananda's life and teachings continue to resonate with people around the world, making him a timeless figure in the realm of spirituality and human upliftment.

04 July - John Adams death anniversary

 

John Adams (1735-1826) was a Founding Father of the United States, a key figure in the American Revolution, and the second President of the United States. Here are some details about his life and contributions:

Early Life

• Birth: John Adams was born on 30 October 1735, in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts.
• Education: He graduated from Harvard College in 1755 and initially worked as a schoolteacher before studying law.
• Family: Adams married Abigail Smith in 1764, and they had six children, including John Quincy Adams, who would later become the sixth President of the United States.

Role in the American Revolution

• Advocate for Independence: Adams was a strong advocate for American independence from Britain. He played a critical role in persuading the Continental Congress to declare independence.
• Continental Congress: He was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, where he was a key figure in the push for independence.
• Declaration of Independence: Adams was part of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence in 1776, alongside Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston.

Diplomatic Contributions

• Diplomat in Europe: During and after the American Revolution, Adams served as a diplomat in Europe. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which officially ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American independence.
• Ambassador to Britain: Adams was the first American minister (ambassador) to Great Britain from 1785 to 1788, navigating the delicate post-war relationship between the two countries.

Presidency (1797-1801)

• Second President: John Adams served as the second President of the United States from 1797 to 1801, after serving as the first Vice President under George Washington.
• Alien and Sedition Acts: His presidency is often remembered for the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, which were intended to suppress dissent and limit the power of the opposition but were criticized for infringing on civil liberties.
• Quasi-War with France: Adams navigated the Quasi-War with France, an undeclared naval conflict, and managed to avoid a full-scale war through diplomacy.

Later Life and Legacy

• Retirement: After losing the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson in 1800, Adams retired to his farm in Quincy, Massachusetts.
• Correspondence with Jefferson: In his later years, Adams renewed his friendship with Thomas Jefferson, and the two engaged in a famous correspondence discussing politics, philosophy, and their experiences in the founding of the nation.
• Death: John Adams died on 04 July 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, just hours after Thomas Jefferson. His last words were reported to be "Thomas Jefferson survives," though Jefferson had actually died earlier that same day.

Legacy

• Influence: John Adams is remembered for his deep commitment to American independence, his role in the founding of the United States, and his contributions to American political thought.
• Family: His legacy continued through his son, John Quincy Adams, who also became a significant political figure and the sixth President of the United States.

John Adams' life and work left a lasting impact on the development of the United States and its democratic institutions.

04 July - Liberation Day (Northern Mariana Islands)

 

Liberation Day in the Northern Mariana Islands is celebrated annually on July 4th. This day commemorates the liberation of the islands from Japanese occupation by American forces during World War II. Here are key details about the significance and celebrations of Liberation Day:

Historical Context

• Japanese Occupation: The Northern Mariana Islands were occupied by Japan from 1914, following World War I, until 1944 during World War II.
• Battle of Saipan: One of the most significant events leading to Liberation Day was the Battle of Saipan, which took place from 15 June to 09 July 1944. The battle was a major conflict between American and Japanese forces, resulting in a decisive victory for the United States.
• Liberation: On 04 July 1944, American forces declared the islands liberated, marking the end of Japanese control and the beginning of American administration.

Significance

• End of Occupation: Liberation Day marks the end of a harsh occupation period and the return of freedom and peace to the islands.
• Transition to American Administration: The day also signifies the transition of the Northern Mariana Islands to American control, eventually leading to their current political status as a Commonwealth of the United States.

Celebrations

• Parades and Festivities: Liberation Day is celebrated with parades, cultural performances, and various community events that highlight the history and heritage of the Northern Mariana Islands.
• Remembrance: The day includes ceremonies to honor the sacrifices of American and local soldiers who fought in the Battle of Saipan and those who lost their lives during the occupation and liberation.
• Fireworks: Similar to American Independence Day, fireworks displays are a common part of the celebrations, symbolizing freedom and joy.

Cultural Impact

• Unity and Patriotism: Liberation Day fosters a sense of unity and patriotism among the residents of the Northern Mariana Islands, celebrating their unique identity and historical ties with the United States.
• Historical Education: The day serves as an opportunity to educate younger generations about the history of the islands, the impact of World War II, and the significance of liberation.

Liberation Day in the Northern Mariana Islands is a poignant reminder of the region's turbulent history and a celebration of its freedom and resilience.

04 July - Philippines Republic Day from 1946 to 1962

 

Philippines Republic Day on July 4 commemorates the day in 1946 when the Philippines officially gained independence from the United States. Here are the key details about this significant day:

Historical Context

• American Colonization: After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris. The Philippines then came under American colonial rule.
• Commonwealth Period: The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935, leading to a transitional government intended to prepare the country for full independence.
• World War II: The Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II from 1942 to 1945. Following the liberation of the Philippines by Allied forces, the push for full independence resumed.

Independence

• Philippine Independence Act: Also known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act, this 1934 law set a ten-year transition period for Philippine independence.
• Independence Day: On July 4, 1946, the Philippines officially became an independent republic. The Treaty of Manila was signed, recognizing Philippine sovereignty. This date was chosen to coincide with the United States' Independence Day, symbolizing the end of American sovereignty and the start of full Philippine independence.

Celebration and Significance

• Original Republic Day: From 1946 to 1962, July 4 was celebrated as Independence Day in the Philippines, also known as Republic Day.
• Change of Date: In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved the celebration of Philippine Independence Day to June 12 to honor the 1898 declaration of independence from Spain. July 4 was then designated as Philippine Republic Day.
• Modern Observance: Although not as widely celebrated as June 12, July 4 is still recognized as Republic Day, marking the Philippines' historical ties with the United States and its journey to full sovereignty.

Philippines Republic Day serves as a reminder of the country's complex history of colonization, struggle for independence, and eventual recognition as a sovereign nation.

04 July - Gérard Debreu birth anniversary

 

Gérard Debreu was a prominent French economist who made significant contributions to the field of mathematical economics, particularly in general equilibrium theory. He was born on July 4, 1921, in Calais, France, and passed away on December 31, 2004, in Paris.

Debreu's most notable work is his development of the theory of general equilibrium, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1983. In his groundbreaking book, "Theory of Value: An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium" (1959), Debreu provided a rigorous mathematical framework for understanding how supply and demand interact in an economy to determine prices and resource allocations.

His work in general equilibrium theory addressed fundamental questions about the existence and efficiency of competitive equilibria in markets with multiple goods and factors of production. Debreu's analysis introduced concepts such as excess demand functions and the Edgeworth box diagram, which helped economists gain insights into the workings of complex market systems.

Debreu's contributions had a profound impact on economic theory and influenced subsequent research in many areas, including welfare economics, finance, and international trade. His mathematical rigor and axiomatic approach significantly advanced the field of economic theory and paved the way for further developments in the study of equilibrium and market dynamics.

Apart from his Nobel Prize, Debreu received numerous other accolades for his work, including the John Bates Clark Medal in 1974. He spent much of his academic career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he held a faculty position from 1962 until his retirement in 1991. Gérard Debreu's work continues to be highly regarded and studied by economists around the world.

 

04 July - Sir George Everest birth anniversary

 

Sir George Everest, born on 4 July 1790, was a British surveyor and geographer who served as Surveyor General of India from 1830 to 1843.

After receiving military education in Marlow, Everest joined the East India Company and arrived in India at the age of 16. He was eventually made an assistant to William Lambton on the Great Trigonometric Survey, and replaced Lambton as superintendent of the survey in 1823. Everest was largely responsible for surveying the meridian arc from the southernmost point of India north to Nepal, a distance of about 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi), a task that took from 1806 to 1841 to complete. He was made Surveyor General of India in 1830, retiring in 1843 and returning to England.

In 1865, the Royal Geographical Society renamed Peak XV – at the time only recently identified as the world's highest peak – to Mount Everest in his honour. Andrew Scott Waugh, his protégé and successor as surveyor general, had been responsible for putting his name forward in 1856. Everest's name was used as a compromise due to the difficulty of choosing between multiple local names for the mountain. He initially objected to the honour, as he had nothing to do with its discovery and believed his name was not easily written or pronounced in Hindi.

04 July - Alice in Wonderland

 July 4 is a special day for Britishers and fans of fantasy as the world-renowned story of “Alice in Wonderland” is celebrated and honored. Lewis Carroll, whose original name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, was born in Cheshire, England.

The amazing fictional world, created by Lewis Carroll in 1865, is the telling of a young girl who faces worldly obstacles at a tender age. More than a century later, the book continues to enjoy popularity amongst the masses not only for its original story and characters but also because of the subsequent movies that have been made of it. People also enjoy other adaptations like theater performances as well as the numerous types of Alice in Wonderland merchandise available today.

04 July - John Calvin Coolidge Jr birth anniversary

 

 

John Calvin Coolidge Jr., born on 04 July 1872, in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, was an American politician who served as the 30th President of the United States. Here is a brief overview of Calvin Coolidge:

1. Early Political Career: Coolidge began his political career in local government in Massachusetts, serving as a city councilman, city solicitor, and eventually as the Governor of Massachusetts.

2. Vice Presidency: Coolidge became Vice President of the United States in 1921, serving under President Warren G. Harding. His tenure as vice president was uneventful until Harding's death in 1923.

3. Presidency: Following Harding's death, Coolidge was sworn in as the 30th President of the United States on 03 August 1923. He won the 1924 presidential election in his own right.

4. Economic Policies: Coolidge is often associated with a pro-business and limited government approach. His administration implemented tax cuts and reduced government spending, contributing to a period of economic prosperity known as the "Roaring Twenties."

5. Foreign Policy: Coolidge focused on diplomatic efforts to improve relations with Latin American countries and signed treaties to limit naval armaments. However, he generally followed a policy of non-intervention in global affairs.

6. Civil Rights: Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924, granting citizenship to Native Americans. However, his record on civil rights is mixed, and he did not take significant actions to address racial inequality.

7. Election of 1928: Coolidge chose not to seek re-election in 1928, and his Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, became the Republican nominee and ultimately won the presidency.

8. Retirement: After leaving the presidency, Coolidge retired to Northampton, Massachusetts. He wrote his autobiography and gave occasional public speeches.

9. Death: Calvin Coolidge passed away on 05 January 1933, at the age of 60, from a heart attack.

10. Legacy: Coolidge is remembered for his conservative economic policies and his commitment to fiscal restraint. His presidency is often associated with the economic boom of the 1920s, although it also laid the groundwork for the challenges that led to the Great Depression.

Calvin Coolidge's presidency reflects the political and economic climate of the 1920s, and his approach to governance continues to be studied and debated by historians.