31 July - National Avocado Day USA

 

National Avocado Day in the USA is celebrated annually on July 31st. This day recognizes the popularity and health benefits of avocados, a fruit rich in healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. Avocados are versatile and can be used in a variety of dishes, from guacamole to salads, smoothies, and even desserts.

The day often sees promotions and events from avocado growers, restaurants, and grocery stores, encouraging people to enjoy and try new recipes with avocados. Social media is also filled with avocado-related content, with many sharing their favorite recipes and tips for selecting and storing avocados.

31 July - the Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of England

 

On 31 July 1588, the Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of England. The Armada was a large fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain with the goal of overthrowing Queen Elizabeth I and ending English support for Dutch rebels. This event marked a significant moment in the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

The English navy, under the command of Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake, engaged the Armada in a series of battles. The English used their more maneuverable ships and innovative tactics to their advantage. The conflict culminated in the Battle of Gravelines, after which the Spanish fleet was forced to retreat. Severe weather further decimated the Armada on its journey back to Spain.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada was a turning point in European history, establishing England as a formidable naval power and marking the decline of Spanish dominance.

30 July - Gangadhar Balkrishna Deshpande death anniversary

Gangadhar Balkrishna Deshpande, also known as Senapati (meaning "general"), was a prominent Indian freedom fighter and social reformer from Karnataka. He played a significant role in India's struggle for independence and was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi and other key leaders of the Indian National Congress. Here are more details about his life and contributions:

Early Life

• Birth: Gangadhar Balkrishna Deshpande was born on 31 March 1871, in Hudli, a village in the Belgaum district of Karnataka.
• Education: He received his early education in Belgaum and later attended Fergusson College in Pune.

Contributions to the Freedom Movement

• Indian National Congress: Deshpande was an active member of the Indian National Congress and participated in several movements and agitations against British rule.
• Association with Mahatma Gandhi: He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and played a pivotal role in organizing the Belgaum session of the Indian National Congress in 1924, which was presided over by Gandhi.
• Civil Disobedience Movement: Deshpande actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement, promoting the principles of non-violence and civil resistance.

Social Reforms

• Promotion of Khadi: He was a strong advocate for the use of Khadi (hand-spun cloth) and worked to promote its production and use as a means of self-reliance and resistance against British economic policies.
• Education and Social Welfare: Deshpande was deeply involved in efforts to improve education and social welfare in his region. He established several schools and was involved in various social reform initiatives.

Later Life and Legacy

• Hudli Village: In his later years, Deshpande focused on the development of his native village, Hudli. He initiated various projects aimed at improving the living conditions and self-sufficiency of the villagers.
• Death: Gangadhar Balkrishna Deshpande passed away on 30 July 1960.

Recognition and Honor

• Title of "Senapati": He was honored with the title "Senapati" (General) by his followers for his leadership and contributions to the freedom struggle.
• Legacy: Deshpande's contributions to India's independence movement and social reform have left a lasting impact. He is remembered as a dedicated patriot and a compassionate social reformer.

Gangadhar Balkrishna Deshpande's life exemplifies dedication to the cause of Indian independence and the upliftment of society through education, self-reliance, and social reform. His legacy continues to inspire future generations.

30 July - Tulsidas death anniversary

 

Tulsidas, also known as Goswami Tulsidas, was a Hindu poet-saint, renowned for his devotion to Lord Rama. Here are more details about his life and works:

Early Life

• Birth: Tulsidas was born in 11 August 1511 in Rajapur, a village in the Banda district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Childhood Name: He was named Rambola at birth.
• Parents: His father was Atmaram Shukla Dube and his mother was Hulsi.
• Orphaned Early: Tulsidas was orphaned at a very young age and faced a difficult childhood.

Spiritual Journey

• Guru: Tulsidas was initiated into spiritual life by his guru, Narharidas.
• Education: He studied Sanskrit and the Vedas under the guidance of his guru.

Major Works

• Ramcharitmanas: His most famous work, written in Awadhi, it is a retelling of the Ramayana, focusing on the life and deeds of Lord Rama. It is considered one of the greatest works of Hindi literature and has had a profound impact on the culture and devotion in North India.
• Other Works: Tulsidas authored several other important works, including:
  • Vinaya Patrika: A devotional hymn.
  • Dohavali: A collection of couplets.
  • Kavitavali: A narrative poem.
  • Hanuman Chalisa: A popular devotional hymn dedicated to Lord Hanuman.

Influence and Legacy

• Devotion: Tulsidas's works are characterized by his deep devotion to Lord Rama and his effort to make the story of Rama accessible to the common people by writing in the vernacular language.
• Impact: His writings have had a lasting influence on Indian culture, literature, and the Bhakti movement.
• Festivals: His birth anniversary, Tulsidas Jayanti, is celebrated with great fervor by his followers.

Death

• Death: Tulsidas passed away in 30 July 1623 in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Philosophy

• Bhakti Movement: Tulsidas was a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion to a personal god and the expression of this devotion through poetry and music.
• Ethical Teachings: His works often convey moral and ethical teachings, advocating for righteousness, devotion, and the importance of Dharma (duty).

Tulsidas's legacy continues to inspire millions of devotees and his works remain integral to Hindu religious practices and literature.

30 July - Arnold Schwarzenegger birthday

 

Arnold Schwarzenegger is a multifaceted personality known for his achievements in bodybuilding, acting, and politics. Born on 30 July 1947, in Thal, Austria, he has become one of the most recognizable figures in popular culture.

Early Life and Bodybuilding Career

• Birth and Family: Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born to Gustav and Aurelia Schwarzenegger. His father was a local police chief.
• Bodybuilding: Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, becoming one of the greatest bodybuilders of all time. His achievements in bodybuilding are chronicled in the book and documentary "Pumping Iron," which helped popularize the sport.

Acting Career

• Early Roles: Schwarzenegger's early roles included "Hercules in New York" (1970) and "Stay Hungry" (1976), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe for New Star of the Year.
• Breakthrough: He gained worldwide fame for his role as Conan in "Conan the Barbarian" (1982) and its sequel "Conan the Destroyer" (1984).
• The Terminator: Schwarzenegger's portrayal of the titular character in "The Terminator" (1984) catapulted him to superstardom. He reprised the role in several sequels, solidifying his status as an action film icon.
• Other Major Films: Schwarzenegger starred in numerous successful films, including "Predator" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990), "Kindergarten Cop" (1990), "True Lies" (1994), and "Eraser" (1996).

Political Career

• Governor of California: Schwarzenegger entered politics and was elected as the 38th Governor of California in a recall election on October 7, 2003. He served two terms, from 2003 to 2011. During his tenure, he focused on issues such as climate change, education reform, and fiscal management. His environmental policies, particularly the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, were groundbreaking.

Personal Life

• Family: Schwarzenegger married journalist Maria Shriver, a member of the Kennedy family, in 1986. They have four children: Katherine, Christina, Patrick, and Christopher. The couple separated in 2011.
• Citizenship: Schwarzenegger became a U.S. citizen in 1983 while retaining his Austrian citizenship.

Business Ventures and Philanthropy

• Business Interests: Schwarzenegger has invested in various business ventures, including real estate and restaurants. He is also known for his involvement in fitness and bodybuilding promotion, including the Arnold Sports Festival.
• Philanthropy: He has supported numerous charitable causes, particularly those related to children's education, health, and fitness. Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years.

Legacy and Impact

• Cultural Icon: Schwarzenegger's impact on popular culture is immense. He is seen as a symbol of determination, success, and the American Dream. His catchphrases and characters are deeply embedded in popular culture.
• Influence in Fitness: His influence on the fitness industry is profound, inspiring millions of people worldwide to engage in bodybuilding and fitness activities.
• Political Impact: As a politician, Schwarzenegger's moderate Republican stance and emphasis on bipartisan solutions left a lasting impact on California politics.

Arnold Schwarzenegger continues to be active in various fields, including acting, politics, and philanthropy, demonstrating his versatility and enduring influence.

30 July - Japan's Emperor Meiji death anniversary

 

Emperor Meiji, originally named Mutsuhito, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan, reigning from 03 February 1867, to his death on 30 July 1912. His reign marked a period of profound transformation in Japan, known as the Meiji Era, which saw the country transition from a feudal society to a modern, industrialized nation.

Early Life

• Birth and Family: Emperor Meiji was born on November 3, 1852, in Kyoto, Japan, as the second son of Emperor Kōmei and Nakayama Yoshiko, a lady-in-waiting.
• Ascension to the Throne: He became emperor after the death of his father, Emperor Kōmei, in 1867, at the age of 14.

Meiji Restoration

• End of the Shogunate: The Meiji Restoration began in 1868, ending the Tokugawa shogunate and restoring imperial rule under Emperor Meiji. This marked the end of over 260 years of feudal rule and the beginning of Japan's modernization.
• Political Reforms: The emperor and his government implemented extensive political, economic, and social reforms aimed at centralizing power and modernizing the state. The Charter Oath of 1868 laid out the goals of the new government, emphasizing the creation of a deliberative assembly, the abolition of feudal domains, and the establishment of a modern military.

Modernization and Westernization

• Industrialization: Japan underwent rapid industrialization during Emperor Meiji's reign, adopting Western technology and organizational methods. This included the development of infrastructure such as railways, telegraph lines, and modern factories.
• Education and Legal Reforms: The Meiji government introduced a modern education system and reformed the legal system, drawing on Western models to create a more effective and centralized state.

Military Expansion

• Military Reforms: The Meiji government restructured the military, adopting conscription and modernizing the army and navy based on Western models. This allowed Japan to build a strong, disciplined military.
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War demonstrated its newfound military strength and marked its emergence as a regional power.
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): The victory over Russia in this war further solidified Japan's status as a major world power and showcased its successful modernization efforts.

Cultural Shifts

• Western Influence: The Meiji era saw significant cultural changes as Japan adopted Western customs, fashion, and lifestyle while also seeking to preserve traditional Japanese culture. This period of cultural blending led to a unique fusion of East and West in Japanese society.

Death and Legacy

• Death: Emperor Meiji died on 30 July 1912, and was succeeded by his son, Emperor Taishō.
• Legacy: Emperor Meiji's reign is remembered as a pivotal era in Japanese history that set the foundation for Japan's modernization and emergence as a global power. His efforts to transform Japan from a feudal society into a modern nation-state had lasting impacts on the country's development and its role in the world.

Emperor Meiji is often celebrated for his role in leading Japan through one of the most significant periods of change in its history, balancing the adoption of Western innovations with the preservation of Japanese traditions.

30 July - William Penn death anniversary

 

William Penn (14 October 1644 – 30 July 1718) was an English colonial proprietor, philosopher, and Quaker leader who founded the Province of Pennsylvania, the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Here are more detailed aspects of his life and legacy:

Early Life

• Birth and Family: William Penn was born in London, England, to Admiral Sir William Penn and Margaret Jasper. His father was a distinguished naval officer and a member of the English gentry.
• Education: Penn attended Chigwell School and later Christ Church, Oxford. He was expelled from Oxford for dissenting against the mandatory Anglican services and for his association with other nonconformist students.

Conversion to Quakerism

• Influence of Thomas Loe: While in Ireland managing his father's estates, Penn attended a Quaker meeting led by Thomas Loe, which profoundly influenced him.
• Joining the Quakers: Penn formally joined the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in 1667, a decision that alienated him from his Anglican family and led to several imprisonments due to his nonconformist beliefs and practices.

Founding of Pennsylvania

• Royal Grant: In 1681, to settle a debt owed to his late father by King Charles II, Penn was granted a large tract of land in America. This land became Pennsylvania, named in honor of his father.
• Charter of Privileges: Penn implemented a progressive form of governance that included an elected assembly, religious freedom, and fair treatment of Native Americans. His "Frame of Government" was considered a blueprint for democratic principles.

Relationship with Native Americans

• Fair Treatment: Penn is notable for his peaceful and respectful approach towards Native Americans. He negotiated treaties and paid for the land, fostering a relatively peaceful coexistence.

Later Life and Legacy

• Return to England: Penn spent much of his later life in England, advocating for Quaker rights and managing his colony from afar. He faced financial difficulties and was imprisoned for debt in his final years.
• Death: Penn died on July 30, 1718, in Ruscombe, Berkshire, England.
• Legacy: William Penn's vision for Pennsylvania as a place of religious tolerance, fair governance, and peaceful coexistence left an enduring legacy. His ideas influenced the development of democratic governance in the United States and remain a cornerstone of American values.

Penn's contributions to religious freedom, democracy, and fair treatment of indigenous peoples have made him a key figure in American history.

30 July - The Wright brothers built the first aircraft for the military.

 

On 30 July 1909, the Wright brothers completed the delivery of the first military aircraft to the U.S. Army. This aircraft, known as the Wright Military Flyer, was officially designated "Signal Corps No. 1." This event marked a significant milestone in the history of aviation and the beginning of military aviation.

The Wright Military Flyer was a modified version of the Wright Model A, designed to meet the specifications set by the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The aircraft was required to carry a pilot and a passenger, fly at least 40 miles per hour, and stay airborne for at least an hour. The Wright brothers successfully demonstrated their aircraft's capabilities, leading to its acceptance by the Army.

The delivery of the Wright Military Flyer on July 30, 1909, at Fort Myer, Virginia, was a landmark event. It demonstrated the practical potential of powered flight for military applications and established the Wright brothers as pioneers in both civil and military aviation. This aircraft laid the foundation for the development of future military aircraft and the establishment of the U.S. Army Air Corps, which would eventually become the United States Air Force.

30 July - World Day Against Trafficking in Persons

 

World Day Against Trafficking in Persons is observed annually on July 30. Established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2013, this day aims to raise awareness about human trafficking, highlight the plight of the victims, and promote and protect their rights. It serves as a reminder of the need for global action to combat this serious crime, which exploits millions of women, men, and children worldwide.

Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons through force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of exploitation. This exploitation can take many forms, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, and organ trafficking.

Key objectives of World Day Against Trafficking in Persons include:

1. Raising Awareness: Informing the public about the severity and scale of human trafficking.
2. Encouraging Action: Motivating governments, organizations, and individuals to take steps to combat trafficking.
3. Supporting Victims: Promoting the protection and support of trafficking survivors, ensuring they receive the assistance and justice they deserve.
4. Strengthening Prevention: Enhancing measures to prevent trafficking through education, economic empowerment, and legislative reforms.

Each year, the United Nations and various organizations host events, campaigns, and activities to mark this day, often focusing on a specific theme related to human trafficking. These efforts aim to mobilize international cooperation and encourage collaborative efforts to eliminate human trafficking and protect the rights and dignity of all individuals.

30 July - Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees premiered in 1932

 

Walt Disney's "Flowers and Trees" premiered on July 30, 1932. It was an animated short film produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burt Gillett. "Flowers and Trees" was a significant milestone in the history of animation as it was the first full-color cartoon and the first animated short film produced in three-strip Technicolor.

The film featured a love story between two trees, one named Flora and the other named Elm. The trees' romantic relationship is threatened when a mischievous, malevolent tree stump tries to come between them. The short showcases the use of vibrant colors and innovative animation techniques, which captivated audiences at the time.

"Flowers and Trees" was also the first animated short to win an Academy Award, which it received at the 5th Academy Awards in 1932. This recognition further solidified Walt Disney's reputation as a pioneering figure in animation and encouraged the adoption of color in subsequent animated productions.

30 July - Baghdad was founded in 762 AD

 

Baghdad was founded on July 30, 762 AD, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur. The city was established on the western bank of the Tigris River in modern-day Iraq. During its early years, Baghdad rapidly grew to become a major cultural, political, and economic center of the Islamic world. It served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and played a crucial role in the Golden Age of Islam, fostering significant advancements in various fields such as science, mathematics, literature, and art. Baghdad's House of Wisdom, for example, became a renowned center of learning during this period. The city's strategic location along trade routes contributed to its prosperity and influence over several centuries. However, in later centuries, Baghdad's prominence waned, and it faced various invasions and conflicts, causing shifts in political power within the region.

30 July - In God We Trust declared national motto in USA

 U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution on July 30, 1956, declaring "In God We Trust" as the national motto. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the resolution into law on the same day, officially establishing the phrase as the country's motto and requiring it to be printed on all U.S. currency.

The phrase "In God We Trust" became the national motto of the United States through a series of legislative actions and historical developments.

The phrase itself has a long history and can be traced back to the early 1800s. It first appeared on some U.S. coins in the 1860s, specifically during the Civil War era. At that time, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received numerous requests from the public to include a religious statement on American coins. As a result, he instructed the Director of the Mint to prepare a design with the motto "In God We Trust." The first coins with this motto were released in 1864.

Over the years, "In God We Trust" continued to appear on various coins. In 1955, during the height of the Cold War and in response to the perceived threat of communism, Congress passed a joint resolution, signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, declaring "In God We Trust" the official national motto of the United States. The same resolution also mandated that the phrase be printed on all U.S. currency.

Since then, "In God We Trust" has been widely used on coins, paper currency, and other official government materials. It has become a symbol of America's historical and cultural ties to religious beliefs and values, and it continues to be a subject of debate and discussion regarding the separation of church and state in the United States.

30 July - Muthulakshmi Reddy birth anniversary

 

Muthulakshmi Reddy, also known as Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, was a prominent Indian physician, social reformer, and politician. She was born on July 30, 1886, in Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy is celebrated for her significant contributions to various fields, including medicine and women's rights.

Muthulakshmi Reddy's contributions to society, especially in the areas of women's empowerment, public health, and medicine, have left a lasting impact on India. She is remembered as a pioneering figure who broke barriers and dedicated her life to serving the marginalized and underserved communities. Her legacy continues to inspire and influence generations of women and social activists in India and beyond.

29 July - National Thai Language Day

 

National Thai Language Day is celebrated in Thailand on July 29th each year. This day is dedicated to promoting and preserving the Thai language, recognizing its cultural and historical significance, and encouraging its proper use among Thai people.

Significance of National Thai Language Day:

1. Cultural Preservation: The day emphasizes the importance of preserving the Thai language, which is a crucial part of Thailand's cultural heritage. The Thai language is deeply intertwined with the nation's identity, history, and traditions.

2. Educational Focus: National Thai Language Day highlights the importance of teaching and learning the Thai language in schools. It encourages educational institutions to focus on improving language skills among students and fostering a love for the language.

3. Honoring Linguistic Contributions: The day also honors individuals and scholars who have made significant contributions to the study, development, and promotion of the Thai language.

History and Origin:

The selection of July 29th for National Thai Language Day commemorates the day in 1962 when King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) engaged in a discussion about the Thai language with members of the Thai Language Club of Chulalongkorn University. His Majesty's profound interest in the language and his contributions to its study and preservation have been a source of inspiration for the celebration of this day.

Activities and Celebrations:

1. Educational Programs: Schools and universities organize special programs, competitions, and exhibitions focusing on the Thai language. These may include essay writing, poetry recitations, and debates.

2. Cultural Events: Cultural performances, including traditional Thai music, dance, and theater, are held to showcase the richness of the Thai language.

3. Media Campaigns: Various media outlets, including television, radio, and newspapers, run special features and programs to raise awareness about the importance of the Thai language.

4. Literary Awards: Awards and recognitions are given to authors, poets, and linguists who have made notable contributions to Thai literature and language studies.

Importance:

National Thai Language Day serves as a reminder of the beauty and uniqueness of the Thai language. It encourages people to take pride in their linguistic heritage and to use the language correctly and creatively. The day also highlights the role of language in uniting the nation and fostering a sense of identity and belonging among Thai people.

In summary, National Thai Language Day on July 29th is a significant observance in Thailand, aimed at celebrating and preserving the Thai language. It involves a variety of educational and cultural activities that promote the proper use and appreciation of the language, honoring its crucial role in Thai society.

29 July - The Science Organization in India was established 1876

 

The establishment of scientific organizations in India during the 19th century played a crucial role in the development of science and education in the country. One of the notable organizations from that period is the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), founded in 1876.

Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS):

• Founding: IACS was established on 29 July 1876, by Mahendra Lal Sircar, a renowned Indian scientist and physician, with the aim of fostering scientific research and education in India. This was a pioneering effort to promote science among Indians during British colonial rule.

• Objectives: The primary goals of IACS were to provide a platform for scientific research and to disseminate scientific knowledge. It aimed to create a scientific temper and encourage young Indians to pursue careers in science and research.

• Impact and Contributions: IACS became a significant center for scientific research and education. Notably, it was at IACS that Sir C.V. Raman conducted his groundbreaking research on the scattering of light, leading to the discovery of the Raman Effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. This discovery was a landmark achievement in Indian scientific history.

• Legacy: IACS has continued to be a premier research institution in India, contributing to various fields of science. It has played a vital role in shaping the scientific landscape of the country and inspiring future generations of scientists.

Historical Context:

The establishment of IACS in 1876 marked a significant moment in the history of science in India. During the British colonial period, scientific research and education were largely controlled by the colonial administration. Indian scholars faced numerous challenges, including limited access to resources and opportunities. The creation of IACS represented a step towards self-reliance in scientific research and education.

Significance:

1. Promoting Scientific Inquiry: IACS provided a platform for Indian scientists to engage in research and contribute to the global scientific community. It fostered a spirit of scientific inquiry and innovation among Indians.

2. Educational Reforms: The organization played a crucial role in the development of science education in India. It organized lectures, demonstrations, and publications to disseminate scientific knowledge to a broader audience.

3. Inspiring Future Generations: The success of IACS and the achievements of scientists like Sir C.V. Raman inspired many young Indians to pursue careers in science, leading to the growth of a strong scientific community in the country.

In summary, the establishment of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1876 was a landmark event in the history of science in India. It laid the foundation for scientific research and education in the country and contributed significantly to the development of a scientific temper and culture among Indians.

29 July - The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is created

 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created on 29 July 1958, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of the United States' dedicated civilian space exploration program.

Background and Formation:

• Sputnik and the Space Race: The creation of NASA was largely a response to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite, in 1957. This event sparked concerns over national security and technological leadership, leading to the intensification of the Cold War space race.

• National Aeronautics and Space Act: The act that established NASA aimed to ensure that the United States maintained a position of leadership in aeronautics and space exploration. It emphasized the peaceful use of space, the improvement of human knowledge, and the development of technology for space travel.

NASA's Mission:

NASA's mission encompasses a wide range of objectives, including:

1. Space Exploration: Conducting manned and unmanned missions to explore the solar system and beyond. This includes landmark missions such as the Apollo moon landings, Mars rovers, and the Voyager probes.

2. Scientific Research: Studying the Earth, the solar system, and the universe. NASA's science missions have provided critical data on climate change, planetary science, astrophysics, and more.

3. Aeronautics Research: Advancing aviation technology to improve air travel safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.

4. Technology Development: Innovating new technologies that benefit both space exploration and everyday life on Earth.

Key Milestones:

• Apollo Program: NASA's Apollo program achieved the historic first manned moon landing on July 20, 1969, with Apollo 11, where astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the moon.

• Space Shuttle Program: Initiated in the 1970s, the Space Shuttle program provided reusable spacecraft that facilitated numerous missions, including the construction of the International Space Station (ISS).

• Mars Exploration: NASA's Mars rovers, such as Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance, have explored the Martian surface, conducting experiments and sending back invaluable data.

• Hubble Space Telescope: Launched in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the universe with its detailed images and discoveries.

• International Space Station (ISS): NASA has been a key partner in the development and operation of the ISS, a multinational collaborative project that serves as a laboratory for scientific research and international cooperation.

Legacy and Future:

NASA's contributions have had a profound impact on science, technology, and human knowledge. Its achievements have inspired generations and fostered international cooperation in space exploration. Looking ahead, NASA continues to pursue ambitious goals, including the Artemis program aimed at returning humans to the moon and preparing for eventual manned missions to Mars.

The establishment of NASA on 29 July 1958, marks a significant milestone in human history, symbolizing the spirit of exploration, innovation, and the pursuit of knowledge.

29 July - The Arc de Triomphe is inaugurated in Paris

 

The Arc de Triomphe, one of the most famous monuments in Paris, was inaugurated on 29 July 1836. Commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 after his victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, the monument was designed to honor the French army and commemorate those who fought and died for France during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

Key Facts about the Arc de Triomphe:

• Location: The Arc de Triomphe is situated at the western end of the Champs-Élysées, at the center of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly known as Place de l'Étoile.
• Design: The design of the arch was created by Jean Chalgrin, drawing inspiration from the Roman Arch of Titus. The monument stands 50 meters (164 feet) high, 45 meters (148 feet) wide, and 22 meters (72 feet) deep.
• Construction: The foundation stone was laid on August 15, 1806, Napoleon’s birthday. However, the construction was halted after his abdication in 1814 and resumed under the reign of King Louis-Philippe.
• Inscriptions and Sculptures: The Arc de Triomphe is adorned with numerous sculptures and reliefs, including "La Marseillaise" by François Rude. The names of generals and battles are inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces.
• Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: Beneath the arch lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I, added in 1921. An eternal flame burns in memory of the unidentified soldiers who died in the war.

Significance:

The Arc de Triomphe serves as a symbol of French national pride and military prowess. It is the focal point of major national celebrations, including Bastille Day parades and victory marches. The monument also plays a central role in commemorative events, such as the annual Armistice Day ceremonies on November 11.

Visitor Experience:

Tourists can visit the Arc de Triomphe and climb to its top for a panoramic view of Paris, including the Champs-Élysées, the Eiffel Tower, and the Sacré-Cœur Basilica. The monument also houses a small museum detailing its history and construction.

29 July - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar death anniversary

 

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820–1891) was a prominent Indian Bengali polymath, known for his contributions as a philosopher, educator, writer, translator, reformer, and philanthropist. Born on 26 September 1820, in Birsingha, Bengal Presidency, British India, Vidyasagar played a pivotal role in the Bengali Renaissance.

Early Life and Education

Vidyasagar was born into a poor Brahmin family. His dedication to education was evident early in his life, and he walked miles to attend school. He excelled academically and earned the title "Vidyasagar," meaning "Ocean of Knowledge," from Sanskrit College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) for his profound knowledge in Sanskrit literature and philosophy.

Contributions to Education and Literature

1. Educational Reforms: Vidyasagar advocated for modern education and was instrumental in the establishment of numerous schools across Bengal, including the first Indian school for girls, Hindu Female School, in 1849.

2. Bengali Language and Literature: He reformed Bengali prose and standardized the Bengali alphabet. His book, "Borno Porichoy" (Introduction to Letters), remains a seminal work in Bengali language education.

3. Translations and Writings: Vidyasagar translated several important Sanskrit texts into Bengali, making them accessible to the common people. His notable works include the Bengali translations of the classical Sanskrit texts "Shakuntala" and "Betal Panchabinsati."

Social Reforms

1. Widow Remarriage: Vidyasagar was a staunch advocate for widow remarriage. His efforts led to the passage of the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act in 1856, which legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows, challenging deep-seated societal norms.

2. Women’s Rights: He was a vocal critic of child marriage and polygamy and worked tirelessly to improve the status and education of women in society.

3. Humanitarian Efforts: Vidyasagar was known for his compassion and charitable works. He often provided financial support to needy students and was involved in various philanthropic activities.

Legacy

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s legacy is profound, and he is remembered as one of the pillars of the Bengali Renaissance. His efforts in education and social reform have had a lasting impact on Indian society. Schools, colleges, and numerous institutions in India are named after him, and his contributions to literature and social change continue to be celebrated.

He passed away on 29 July 1891, but his work and ideals continue to inspire generations.

29 July - Mohun Bagan Day

 

Mohun Bagan Day is celebrated annually on July 29th to commemorate one of the most historic victories in Indian football. On this day in 1911, Mohun Bagan Athletic Club, an Indian football team, won the IFA Shield by defeating the East Yorkshire Regiment 2-1. This victory was significant as it was the first time an Indian team had defeated a British team in a major football tournament, symbolizing a moment of national pride and resistance against British colonial rule.

Mohun Bagan Athletic Club, founded in 1889, is one of the oldest and most successful football clubs in India. The club is based in Kolkata, West Bengal, and has a rich history of achievements in Indian football.

On Mohun Bagan Day, the club honors its past players and celebrates its legacy with various events, including award ceremonies, matches, and cultural programs. The day serves as a reminder of the club's contribution to Indian sports and its role in the broader nationalistic movement during the colonial period.

29 July - Air India commenced operations under the Government of India in 1946

 

Air India is indeed one of the oldest and most well-known airlines in India. It commenced its operations on 29 July 1946 under the name "Air India International." Initially, it was owned by the Tata Sons company and operated as a private airline. However, after a few years, the Indian government acquired a majority stake in Air India, and it became a government-owned entity.

Over the years, Air India has played a significant role in shaping India's civil aviation industry and has been a symbol of the country's national pride. It has provided both domestic and international air travel services, connecting India with various destinations worldwide.

 

29 July - Stamp Day Bangladesh

 

On July 29, 1971 the first set of stamps for Bangladesh, created by Biman Mullick, was issued. For this reason July 29 was later established as “Stamp Day” in Bangladesh.

The first set of postage stamps for Bangladesh was issued on July 29, 1971. These stamps were designed by Biman Mullick and depicted various aspects of the country's culture, history, and struggle for independence.

As a historical note, Bangladesh officially gained independence from Pakistan on December 16, 1971, following a nine-month-long war of independence. The issuance of its first set of stamps on July 29, 1971, was a significant milestone in its journey as a newly emerging nation.

 On February 17, 2015 the postal department of Bangladesh decided to issue a “Stamp Day Stamp” on July 29, 2015.

 

29 July - The Lord of the Rings published in 1954

Published on 29 July 1954, The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. 

It was actually published in three volumes on the following dates:

1. "The Fellowship of the Ring" - 29 July 1954
2. "The Two Towers" - 11 November 1954
3. "The Return of the King" - 20 October 1955

It follows the journey of a young hobbit named Frodo Baggins, who embarks on a quest to destroy the One Ring, a powerful artifact created by the dark lord Sauron. Along the way, Frodo is accompanied by a group of diverse characters, including humans, elves, dwarves, and other hobbits, forming the Fellowship of the Ring.

Tolkien's masterpiece has become one of the most influential and widely read works of fantasy literature and has inspired numerous adaptations, including films, video games, and other media.

The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. 

28 July - H.M. King´s Birthday thailand

 

H.M. King´s Birthday is celebrated on July 28 every year in Thailand. The day commemorates the King of Thailand´s birthday, Vajiralongkorn, who was born on this day in 1952. He is the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit.

When he was 20, he was made crown prince by his father. In 2022, he turns and many celebrations will be held in his name because he is of importance to the Thai people.

28 July - Terry Fox Canadian athlete birth anniversary

 

Terry Fox was a Canadian athlete and cancer research activist who became a national hero for his Marathon of Hope, a cross-country run he embarked on to raise awareness and funds for cancer research.

Born on July 28, 1958, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Terry Fox was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, a form of bone cancer, at the age of 18. As a result, he had his right leg amputated above the knee. Despite this, Fox was determined to make a difference in the fight against cancer.

In 1980, Terry Fox began his Marathon of Hope, intending to run across Canada from the east coast to the west coast. He ran approximately a marathon (26 miles or 42 kilometers) each day, using a prosthetic leg. Unfortunately, his journey was cut short after 143 days and 5,373 kilometers (3,339 miles) due to the spread of cancer to his lungs. Terry Fox passed away on June 28, 1981, at the age of 22.

Even though Terry Fox was unable to complete his run, his legacy lived on. The Terry Fox Run, an annual charity event held in his honor, takes place in numerous countries around the world to raise funds for cancer research. Fox's determination and commitment have inspired millions of people, and he is remembered as a symbol of hope and resilience in the face of adversity.

 

28 July - The First World War, also known as World War started in 1914

 

The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that took place from July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918. It involved many of the world's great powers divided into two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers.

The immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by a Bosnian Serb nationalist. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, leading to a series of events and cascading alliances that eventually drew numerous countries into the conflict.

The main belligerents in the war were:

Allied Powers:

1. France
2. United Kingdom
3. Russia (later replaced by the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution)
4. Italy (joined the Allies in 1915)
5. United States (joined the Allies in 1917)
6. Japan
7. Serbia
8. Belgium
9. Greece
10. Romania

Central Powers:

1. Germany
2. Austria-Hungary
3. Ottoman Empire
4. Bulgaria

The First World War was characterized by trench warfare on the Western Front, where soldiers fought in elaborate systems of trenches that stretched from the English Channel to Switzerland. The war was marked by heavy casualties, including millions of deaths and wounded soldiers, as well as significant social, political, and economic upheavals.

Numerous battles and offensives occurred during the war, including the Battle of the Marne, Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme, and the Battle of Passchendaele, among others.

In 1917, the United States entered the war, which eventually tipped the balance in favor of the Allies. The Central Powers began to collapse, and on November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed, effectively ending the fighting.

The First World War had profound and far-reaching consequences. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, leading to bitterness and economic hardships in the country. The war also contributed to the rise of extremist ideologies and ultimately set the stage for World War II.

The war's impact on societies and the human toll it took made it one of the most significant events of the 20th century, shaping the course of history in various ways.

28 July - S.S Komagata Maru was forced to leave Vancouver in 1914

 

On 28 July 1914, The S.S Komagata Maru was forced to leave Vancouver and sailed for India.

The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of citizens of the British Raj attempted to emigrate to Canada in 1914, but were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata), India. There they were fired upon by Indian Imperial Police, resulting in the deaths of 20 Sikhs.

Komagata Maru sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab, British India. Of them, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 passengers were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to return to India.The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus, all Punjabis and British subjects. This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin.

28 July - Buffalo Soldiers Day

 

Buffalo Soldiers Day is a commemorative holiday in the United States that honors the legacy and contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers, a group of African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

The Buffalo Soldiers were initially formed in 1866 following the end of the Civil War. They were assigned to the all-black regiments of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. The name "Buffalo Soldiers" was given to them by Native American tribes they encountered during their campaigns in the western frontier. The name is believed to have been a term of respect, likening the soldiers' fierce fighting spirit to that of the buffalo, a symbol of strength in some Native American cultures.

Buffalo Soldiers played a significant role in various military campaigns, including the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, and the Philippine-American War. Despite facing racial discrimination and segregation within the military and society at large, the Buffalo Soldiers demonstrated remarkable bravery, dedication, and professionalism in their service.

Buffalo Soldiers Day is observed annually on July 28th in the United States. It serves as a day to remember and recognize the accomplishments and sacrifices of these African American soldiers and their contributions to the nation's history and military heritage. Various events, ceremonies, and educational activities are held across the country to honor and commemorate the Buffalo Soldiers on this day.

28 July - Baruch Samuel Blumberg birth anniversary

 

Baruch Samuel Blumberg, also known as Barry Blumberg, was an American physician, geneticist, and virologist who made significant contributions to the field of medicine. He was born on July 28, 1925, in Brooklyn, New York, and passed away on April 5, 2011.

Blumberg's most notable achievement came in 1976 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the development of a vaccine against it. His work not only led to the prevention of a potentially deadly disease but also paved the way for advancements in the understanding and control of other infectious diseases.

During his research, Blumberg identified an antigen present in the blood of Australian aborigines that was linked to the occurrence of hepatitis B. This antigen was later named the "Australia antigen" (now known as the hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg). His discovery of the Australia antigen allowed the development of blood tests to detect hepatitis B infection, and it was a crucial step in the creation of the first effective hepatitis B vaccine.

In addition to his work on hepatitis B, Blumberg was involved in other areas of medical research, including the study of genetic factors in susceptibility to infectious diseases and the genetic basis of various conditions.

Blumberg's contributions to science and medicine were not limited to his research achievements. He was an advocate for science education and international collaboration in scientific research. He served as the Master of Balliol College at the University of Oxford from 1989 to 1994 and was also associated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the Principal Investigator for the Astrobiology Institute.

 

28 July - Jacqueline kennedy onassis birth anniversary

 

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, often known simply as Jackie Kennedy or Jackie O, was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. She was born Jacqueline Lee Bouvier on July 28, 1929, in Southampton, New York, and she passed away on May 19, 1994.

Jacqueline Kennedy became First Lady of the United States when her husband, John F. Kennedy, was inaugurated as President in January 1961. During her time as First Lady, she was admired for her elegance, style, and grace. She was known for her interest in the arts, culture, and historic preservation, and she played an important role in renovating and restoring the White House.

Tragically, Jacqueline Kennedy became a widow on November 22, 1963, when President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Her poise and composure during that difficult time were widely praised and endeared her to many Americans.

In 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and she became known as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. After Onassis' death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in New York City.

Throughout her life, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis remained a prominent figure in American public life and continued to be an icon of style and grace. Her contributions to the arts and historic preservation, as well as her resilience during times of personal tragedy, have left a lasting impact on the nation's collective memory.

 

28 July - William James Herschel became the first to use fingerprints for identification in 1858

 

On 28 July 1858, William James Herschel became the first to use fingerprints for identification.

William James Herschel, joined the East India Company, and in 1853 was posted to Bengal.

Following the Indian Mutiny of 1857, Herschel became a member of the Indian Civil Service, and was posted to Jungipoor. On 28 July 1858 he drew up a contract with a local man, Mr Konai, for the supply of road-making materials. In order to prevent Konai denying his signature at a later date, Herschel made him put a hand-print on the document.

Herschel continued to experiment with hand-prints, soon realising that only fingers needed to be used. He collected prints from friends and family, and came to the conclusion that a person's fingerprints do not change over time. He suggested to the governor of Bengal that fingerprints should be used on legal documents, in order to prevent impersonation and the repudiation of contracts, but this suggestion was not acted upon.

28 July - Jagdish Chandra Jain death anniversary

 

Jagdish Chandra Jain (20 January 1909 – 28 July 1993) was a scholar, indologist, educationist, writer, and freedom fighter during the freedom struggle of India. He authored over 80 books on a variety of subjects, including Jain philosophy, Prakrit literature, and Hindi textbooks for children. Jain was the chief prosecution witness in Gandhi's murder trial. He repeatedly tried to warn the government of the conspiracy to assassinate Mahatma Gandhi, which became to known to him after Madan Lal Pahwa, a Punjabi refugee and one of the conspirators of the murder of Mahatma Gandhi, confided to him of their plan. Jain's attempts to warn the government met deaf ears. He recounted his personal experiences in two books: I Could Not Save Bapu and The Forgotten Mahatma. He died from cardiac arrest in July 1993 in Bombay at the age of 84. 

In July 1993, Jain died from cardiac arrest in Bombay (Mumbai).To pay tribute, the government of India released a commemorative postal stamp in his memory. The Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) also named the street of his residence after his name.

27 July - Giosuè Carducci

 

Giosuè Carducci was an Italian poet and literary critic who is considered one of the most important figures in Italian literature. He was born on July 27, 1835, in Valdicastello, a small village in Tuscany, Italy, and he passed away on February 16, 1907, in Bologna, Italy.

Carducci's poetry played a crucial role in the cultural and political landscape of Italy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a key figure in the literary movement known as the Scapigliatura, which sought to break away from the traditional literary conventions of the time and embrace more innovative and progressive forms of expression.

Carducci's poetry often celebrated the history, traditions, and landscapes of Italy, as well as the ideals of liberty and independence. He was known for his use of vivid imagery, strong emotions, and skillful craftsmanship in his poems. One of his most famous works is the collection "Rime Nuove" (New Rhymes), published in 1887, which won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906.

In addition to his contributions to poetry, Giosuè Carducci was also a respected literary critic and scholar. He held academic positions at various universities and was appointed as a Senator of the Kingdom of Italy. His advocacy for Italian culture and language helped shape the country's national identity during a crucial period in its history.

27 July - John Dalton death anniversary

 

John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist who is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory. He was born on September 6, 1766, in Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England, and he passed away on July 27, 1844, in Manchester, England.

Dalton's most significant contribution was his atomic theory, which he proposed in the early 19th century. His theory suggested that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. According to Dalton, atoms of different elements have different masses and combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds.

Dalton's atomic theory provided a foundation for understanding the nature of matter and chemical reactions and laid the groundwork for modern atomic and molecular theory.

Apart from his work in chemistry, John Dalton also made contributions to other scientific fields. He was a skilled meteorologist and kept weather records for many years. He also studied color blindness, which led to his discovery of "Daltonism," now known as color vision deficiency.

27 July - USA celebrates National Day of the Cowboy

 

The National Day of the Cowboy is an annual observance celebrated in the United States on the fourth Saturday in July. The day is dedicated to honoring and preserving the cowboy and cowgirl heritage, culture, and traditions that played a significant role in shaping the American West.

The origins of the National Day of the Cowboy can be traced back to the efforts of the National Day of the Cowboy organization, which was founded in 2005 by rodeo cowboy and actor R.W. Hampton and recognized by the U.S. Congress. The organization's mission is to promote and preserve cowboy and cowgirl culture, as well as the values and spirit of the American West.

On this day, various events and activities are organized across the country to celebrate the cowboy way of life.