John Bardeen (23 May 1908 – 30 January 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer who made monumental contributions to the field of electronics and solid-state physics. Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Bardeen is best known for being the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice. His first Nobel Prize, awarded in 1956, was for the invention of the transistor, along with William Shockley and Walter Brattain, which revolutionized the electronics industry and paved the way for modern computers and communication technology. His second Nobel Prize, awarded in 1972, was shared with Leon N. Cooper and Robert Schrieffer for the development of the BCS theory, which explained the phenomenon of superconductivity. Bardeen's work has had a profound and lasting impact on both theoretical and applied physics, making him one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
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