Information Post : Third voyage of James Cook

James Cook (7 November 1728– 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.

James Cook's third and final voyage (12 July 1776 – 4 October 1780) took the route from Plymouth via Cape Town and Tenerife to New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the North American coast to the Bering Strait.

Its ostensible purpose was to return Omai, a young man from Raiatea, to his homeland, but the Admiralty used this as a cover for their plan to send Cook on a voyage to discover the Northwest Passage. HMS Resolution, to be commanded by Cook,were prepared for the voyage which started from Plymouth in 1776.

11 July - Fiat Automobiles founded in 1899

 

Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is an Italian automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business,and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.

On 11 July 1899, Giovanni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

Fiat Automobiles is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy. During its more than century-long history, it remained the largest automobile manufacturer in Europe and the third in the world after General Motors and Ford for over 20 years, until the car industry crisis in the late 1980s.In 2013, Fiat S.p.A. was the second largest European automaker by volumes produced and the seventh in the world, while currently FCA is the world's eighth-largest auto maker.

11 July - Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair birth anniversary

Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair was a prominent Indian lawyer, politician, and jurist who played a significant role in the Indian freedom movement and the development of India's legal system during the colonial era.

Chettur Sankaran Nair was born on 11July 1857, in Kerala, India. He received his education in law from the University of Madras and went on to become a distinguished lawyer, specializing in criminal law. He earned a reputation for his legal acumen and integrity, becoming one of the leading advocates in British India.

In addition to his legal career, Chettur Sankaran Nair was actively involved in politics and social reform. He was a staunch advocate for Indian self-governance and played a key role in the Indian National Congress (INC) during its early years. He served as the President of the INC in 1897.

Chettur Sankaran Nair also made significant contributions to India's legal system. He served as a member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council and played a key role in drafting and enacting important legislation. He was appointed as a Judge of the Madras High Court and later served as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, the highest court of appeal for the British Empire.

Throughout his life, Chettur Sankaran Nair remained committed to the cause of Indian nationalism and social justice. He received several honors and accolades for his contributions, including a knighthood in 1915.

Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair passed away on 24 April 1934, leaving behind a lasting legacy as a pioneering lawyer, politician, and jurist in India's struggle for independence and legal reform.

11 July - Robert I ( Robert the Bruce) born in 1274

Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Brus; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; Early Scots: Robert Brus; Latin: Robertus Brussius), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation, and eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent country and is today revered in Scotland as a national hero.

09 July - Elias howe jr birth anniversary

Elias Howe Jr. (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor best known for his creation of the modern lockstitch sewing machine.

Howe was commemorated with a 5-cent stamp in the Famous American Inventors series issued October 14, 1940.The 1965 Beatles movie Help! is dedicated to his memory.In 2004 he was inducted into the United States National Inventors Hall of Fame.

09 July - Operation Husky in 1943

The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II, in which the Allies took the island of Sicily from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It began with a large amphibious and airborne operation, followed by a six-week land campaign, and initiated the Italian Campaign.

To divert some of their forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations, the most famous and successful of which was Operation Mincemeat. Husky began on the night of 9–10 July 1943, and ended on 17 August. Strategically, Husky achieved the goals set out for it by Allied planners; the Allies drove Axis air, land and naval forces from the island and the Mediterranean sea lanes were opened for Allied merchant ships for the first time since 1941. The Italian leader, Benito Mussolini, was toppled from power in Italy and the way was opened for the Allied invasion of Italy. The German leader, Adolf Hitler, "canceled a major offensive at Kursk after only a week, in part to divert forces to Italy", resulting in a reduction of German strength on the Eastern Front.The collapse of Italy necessitated German troops replacing the Italians in Italy and to a lesser extent the Balkans, resulting in one fifth of the entire German army being diverted from the east to southern Europe, a proportion that would remain until near the end of the war.

09 July - Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) established in 1875

The BSE, formerly known as the Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd. It is an Indian stock exchange located at Dalal Street, Mumbai.

Established in 1875,it is Asia's oldest stock exchange.The BSE is the world's 10th largest stock exchange with an overall market capitalization of more than $2.2 trillion on as of April 2018.

While BSE Ltd is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it was not always so. In 1850s, five stock brokers gathered together under Banyan tree in front of Mumbai Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated.A decade later, the brokers moved their location to another leafy setting, this time under banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street and what was then called Esplanade Road, now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid increase in the number of brokers, they had to shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent location, the one that they could call their own. The new place was, aptly, called Dalal Street (Brokers' Street). The brokers group became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.

07 July - Dilip Kumar death in 2021

 

image taken as reference from another website

Dilip Kumar (born Mohammed Yusuf Khan (11 December 1922 – 07 July 2021) was an Indian actor and film producer, best known for his work in Hindi cinema. Referred to as the "Tragedy King"and "The First Khan",he has been credited for bringing a distinct form of method acting technique to cinema. Kumar holds the record for most wins for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor and was also the inaugural recipient of the award.

Kumar died at Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, on 7 July 2021 at 7:30 am.He had been suffering from prostate cancer.The Government of Maharashtra approved his burial with state honours at Juhu Qabrastan on 7 July 2021.
 

07 July - Alaska Statehood Act

The Alaska Statehood Act, formally known as the Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Alaska into the Union, was signed into law on 07 July 1958, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The act enabled Alaska to become the 49th state of the United States on 03 January 1959. Here are some key points about the Alaska Statehood Act:

1. Historical Context: The push for Alaska's statehood began long before the act was signed. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867, and it became a U.S. territory. For many years, residents and leaders in Alaska campaigned for statehood to gain full representation in Congress and more control over local affairs.

2. Legislative Process: The Alaska Statehood Act was passed by Congress after a lengthy and contentious debate. Some concerns included the cost of supporting a sparsely populated state and the potential for Alaska's strategic location during the Cold War.

3. Provisions: The act laid out the procedures for Alaska's admission, including the creation of a state constitution, the election of state officials, and the delineation of state boundaries. It also addressed issues related to land and resource management, which were critical for Alaska's economy.

4. Impact on Alaska: Statehood brought significant changes to Alaska, including increased federal funding, improved infrastructure, and greater political representation. It also spurred economic development, particularly in the areas of oil, mining, and fishing.

5. Cultural and Social Effects: The transition to statehood had profound effects on Alaska's Indigenous populations. The act included provisions for Native land claims, which eventually led to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1971, resolving many land disputes and providing compensation to Native Alaskans.

The Alaska Statehood Act was a pivotal moment in U.S. history, reflecting the expansion and evolution of the nation while addressing the unique challenges and opportunities presented by Alaska.

Kupala Night

Kupala Night, (Russian, Belarusian,Ukrainian,Polish), also called Ivanа-Kupala, is a traditional eastern Slavic holiday which is celebrated in Ukraine, Poland, Belarus and Russia during the night from 6 to 7 July (on the Gregorian calendar). (This corresponds to 23–24 June on these countries’ traditional Julian calendar.) Calendar-wise, it is opposite to the winter holiday Koliada. The celebration relates to the summer solstice when nights are the shortest and includes a number of Slavic rituals.