31 July - Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh 1940

Shaheed Udham Singh ( 26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940) was a revolutionary belonging to the Ghadar Party, best known for his assassination in London of Michael O'Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of the Punjab in India, on 13 March 1940. The assassination was in revenge for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919 for which O'Dwyer was responsible.[1] Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, which represents the three major religions of Punjab and his anti-colonial sentiment.

Udham Singh is a well-known figure of the Indian independence movement. He is also referred to as Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh (the expression "Shaheed-i-Azam", means "the great martyr"). A district (Udham Singh Nagar) of Uttarakhand was named after him to pay homage in October 1995.

On 1 April 1940, Udham Singh was formally charged with the murder of Michael O'Dwyer, and remanded in custody at Brixton Prison. Initially asked to explain his motivations.Singh was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. On 31 July 1940, Singh was hanged at Pentonville Prison. His remains are preserved at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. On every 31 July, marches are held in Sunam by various organisations and every statue of Singh in the city is paid tribute with flower garlands.

#udhamSingh

30 July - The Trans-Canada Highway is officially opened in 1962

 

 

The Trans-Canada Highway, the longest national highway in the world, is officially opened on 30 July

The Trans-Canada Highway is a transcontinental federal–provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada from the Pacific Ocean on the west coast to the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast. The main route spans 7,821 km (4,860 mi) across the country, one of the longest routes of its type in the world.[4] The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers, although there are small variations in the markers in some provinces.

Throughout much of Canada, there are at least two routes designated as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. For example, in the western provinces, both the main Trans-Canada route and the Yellowhead Highway are part of the Trans-Canada system. Although the TCH, being strictly a transcontinental route, does not enter any of Canada's three northern territories or run to the United States border, it forms part of Canada's overall National Highway System (NHS), providing connections to the Northwest Territories, Yukon and the border, although the NHS (apart from the TCH sections) is unsigned.

30 July - Japanese submarine I-58 sinks the USS Indianapolis in 1945

 

 

Image taken as reference from google search

 

 

 

USS Indianapolis (CL/CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, named for the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Launched in 1931, the vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years, then as flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance in 1943 and 1944 while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific during World War II.

In July 1945, Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver parts of Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat, to the United States Army Air Force Base on the island of Tinian, and subsequently departed for the Philippines on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July, the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, and sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship.[4] The remaining 890 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy only learned of the sinking four days later, when survivors were spotted by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 316 survived.The sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the greatest single loss of life at sea from a single ship in the history of the US Navy.

29 July - Aruna Asaf Ali death in 1996

Aruna Asaf Ali (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996) was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan, Bombay during a Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-independence, she remained active in politics, becoming Delhi's first Mayor.

29 July - Ólavsøka Summer festival Faroe Islands

Ólavsøka is the biggest summer festival in the Faroe Islands, and by most Faroese considered as the national holiday of the Faroes along with Flagday on 25 April. Ólavsøka is celebrated for several days, but the day itself is on July 29. It is the day when the Faroese Parliament (Løgting), opens its session.

Ólavsøka is a cultural and sports festival with boat races, football matches and other events. The 28 July, which is the day where the finals of the rowing competitions take place, is half working day for the members of some of the labour unions while Saint Olaf's Day (Ólavsøkudagur) on 29 July is full holiday for members of most of the unions.

The literal meaning is "Saint Olaf's Wake" (vigilia sancti Olavi in Latin), from Saint Olaf's death at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030 (see Olsok). Like several other Faroese holidays, the vøka begins the evening before, so Ólavsøka always starts on July 28 with an opening ceremony. Some events start even before that; there has been a Ólavsøka Concert held on 27 July for several years.

Ólavsøka is the day of the year when many Faroese crowd into the capital Tórshavn. There the national rowing competition finals are held, which is one of the highlights in Faroese sports. In addition, there are art exhibitions, folk music, and Faroese chain dancing. The chain dance is for everyone; normally it is held in Sjónleikarhúsið, which is a theatre in Tórshavn.

The salute for ólavsøka in Faroese is Góða ólavsøku! (Good Olaf's Wake!).

The stamps shown on the right were issued by Postverk Føroya on 18 May 1998, and the artwork was produced by Edward Fuglø.

28 July - Kasu Brahmananda Reddy born in 1909

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy (28 July 1909 – 20 May 1994) was the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, India, from 29 February 1964 to 30 September 1971. On 3 June 1977, he was elected president of the Indian National Congress.

Reddy is credited with creating the Industrial infrastructure in and around Hyderabad. Only Congress president to expel Indira Gandhi from Indian National Congress. During his long regime of seven years (longest for any Congress chief minister in the state of Andhra Pradesh), many major industries like BHEL, HMT, IDPL, Hindustan Cables and several defence establishments like MIDHANI, Bharath Dynamics were established. During his tenure as the Chief Minister, Jalagam Vengal Rao, the Home Minister was instrumental in suppressing the Naxal movement in the north coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Reddy also held key positions such as Telecommunications Minister, Home Minister of India (1974–1977) and Governor of Maharashtra (20 February 1988 to 18 January 1990). He was also only one of two elected All India Congress Committee Presidents, all others having been nominated.

28 July - Remembering Saint Alphonsa

Saint Alphonsa, F.C.C., (born Anna Muttathupadathu; 19 August 1910 – 28 July 1946) was an Indian religious sister and educator. She was the first woman of Indian origin to be canonised as a saint by the Catholic Church, and the first canonised saint of the Syro-Malabar Church, an Eastern Catholic Church based in Kerala. Her feast day is observed on 28 July.

26 July - Conservation of the Mangrove

The International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem, adopted by the General Conference of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2015 and celebrated annually on 26 July, aims to raise awareness of the importance of mangrove ecosystems as “a unique, special and vulnerable ecosystem” and to promote solutions for their sustainable management, conservation and uses.

A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.

Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action. They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud.

Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide "from the atmosphere into long-term storage" in greater quantities than other forests, making them "among the planet's best carbon scrubbers" according to a NASA-led study based on satellite data

The term "mangrove" comes to English from Spanish (perhaps by way of Portuguese), and is likely to originate from Guarani. It was earlier "mangrow" (from Portuguese mangue or Spanish mangle), but this word was corrupted via folk etymology influence of the word "grove".

25 July - R.Venkataraman became President of India in 1987

Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 04 December 1910 – 27 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist and politician who served as a Union Minister and as the eighth President of India.

Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village in Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. He studied law and practised in the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court of India. In his young age, he was an activist of the Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Movement. He was appointed as the member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional cabinet. He was elected to the Lok Sabha four times and served as Union Finance Minister and Defense Minister. In 1984, he was elected as the seventh Vice President of India and in 1987, he became the 8th President of India and served from 25 July 1987 to 25 July 1992. He also served as a State minister under K. Kamaraj and M. Bhaktavatsalam.

25 July - The Arch of Constantine opened on 315 AD

The Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great. The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine’s victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312. Situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill, the arch spans the Via triumphalis, the route taken by victorious military leaders when they entered the city in a triumphal procession. Dedicated in 315, it is the largest Roman triumphal arch, with overall dimensions of.21 m high, 25.9 m wide and 7.4 m deep. It has three bays, the central one being 11.5 m high and 6.5 m wide and the laterals 7.4 m by 3.4 m each. The arch is constructed of brick-faced concrete reveted in marble.

The three bay design with detached columns was first used for the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum (which stands at the end of the triumph route) and repeated in several other arches now lost.

The arch, which was constructed between 312 and 315 AD, was dedicated by the Senate to commemorate ten years of Constantine's reign (306–337) and his victory over the then reigning emperor Maxentius (306–312) at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312,as described on its attic inscription,and officially opened on 25 July 315. 

24 July - Gurram Jashuva death in 1971

(or G Joshua) (28 September 1895 – 24 July 1971) was a Telugu poet. He was recognized with awards by Government of India. His literature’s impact on the society was studied by researchers. Literary awards were instituted in his memory.

Jashuva was born to Virayya and Lingamma in Vinukonda, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India to a community of leather workers.His father belonged to the Yadav caste and his mother belonged to the Madiga caste. Due to poverty and the intercaste marriage of his parents, his childhood was difficult in a society in which some castes were considered “untouchable.” His parents raised him and his brother as Christians. Jashuva graduated with Ubhaya Bhasha Praveena (as a scholar of Telugu and Sanskrit languages).

Awards:
Jashuva was presented the Sahitya Akademi Award for the work Kreestu Charitra in 1964.
He was appointed as Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Councilin 1964.
He was awarded Kala Prapoorna by Andhra University in 1970.
He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1970.

24 July - Uttam Kumar death in 1980

Uttam Kumar (born Arun Kumar Chatterjee; 3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) was an Indian film actor who predominantly worked in Bengali cinema.Through his career he earned commercial as well as critical success, and he remains as an Indian cultural icon. Considered as the most popular film star of Bengali cinema, popularly known as Mahanayak, Kumar had a large fan following, mainly in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He was a recipient of many awards over his lifetime, including National Film Award for Best Actor. Tollygunge Metro station in Kolkata was renamed as Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Metro Station in his honour.

24 July - James VI King of Scotland in 1567

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

23 July - Bombay Radio Station started in 1927

On this day, July 23, in the year 1927, India’s first Commercial Radio Station started its service when daily radio transmission broadcasting was started by Bombay Radio Station. According to an agreement during the British rule on July 23, 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorised to operate two radio stations. The day is celebrated as "National Broadcasting Day"
 

One was the Bombay station, which began on July 23, 1927, and the other was the Calcutta station, which started on August 26, 1927. Therefore IBC started its first radio transmission broadcasting through Bombay Radio Station on July 23, 1927.

However, IBC went into liquidation on March 1, 1930 and the Government took over the broadcasting facilities. Later on April 1, 1930, the broadcasting began with Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). . On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.

 

National Broadcasting Day serves as a reminder of the importance of the broadcasting industry in India and its role in shaping public discourse and disseminating information. On this day, various events and activities may be organized by radio stations, media organizations, and the government to celebrate the rich history of broadcasting in the country. It is also an occasion to recognize the efforts of broadcasters and radio professionals who contribute to the development and growth of the broadcasting sector in India.

23 July - Bal Gangadhar Tilak birth anniversary

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (or Lokmanya Tilak, About this soundpronunciation (help·info); 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate.Tilak was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities called him "The father of the Indian unrest." He was also conferred with the title of "Lokmanya", which means "accepted by the people (as their leader)".Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India".

Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ("self-rule") and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: "Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it!". He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

"Lokmanya" Bal Gangadhar Tilak passed away on 01 August 1920.

23 July - Haile Selassie I born in 1892

Haile Selassie I (born Lij Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, and he had been Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916. He is a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history.He was a member of the Solomonic dynasty who traced his lineage to Emperor Menelik I.

Selassie's internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations.At the League of Nations in 1936, he condemned Italy's use of chemical weapons against its people during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.He has been criticized by some historians for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the mesafint), which consistently opposed his reforms; some critics have also criticized Ethiopia's failure to modernize rapidly enough.During his rule the Harari people were persecuted and many left the Harari Region.His regime was also criticized by human rights groups, such as Human Rights Watch, as autocratic and illiberal.

Among the Rastafari movement, whose followers are estimated to number between 700,000 and one million, Haile Selassie is revered as the returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate.Beginning in Jamaica in the 1930s, the Rastafari movement perceives Haile Selassie as a messianic figure who will lead a future golden age of eternal peace, righteousness, and prosperity.He was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian throughout his life.

The 1973 famine in Ethiopia led to Selassie's removal from the throne.He died on 27 August 1975 at age 83 following a coup.

23 July - The Komagata Maru incident in 1914

The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in 1914, but most were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata), India. There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 20 Sikhs.

Komagata Maru sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab province in British India. The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus, all Punjabis and British subjects.Of these 376 passengers, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to leave Canadian waters. The ship was turned around and forced to depart for Asia on July 23.The ship was escorted by the SS Rainbow, Canada's first naval vessel. This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin.

A stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the arrival of Komagata Maru was released by Canada Post on May 1, 2014

23 July - Wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson in 1986

The wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson was held on 23 July 1986, at Westminster Abbey in London, England.

Prince Andrew, the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Sarah Ferguson, the daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and his first wife Susan Wright, first met when they were children, but had not been romantically involved until they met again at a party at Floors Castle in 1985.They began their relationship that very same year, after a party held at Windsor Castle in honour of the Royal Ascot races.Diana, Princess of Wales, Andrew's sister-in-law, played a hand in matchmaking the couple,and the two women later formed a strong friendship.

Andrew proposed to Sarah on 19 February 1986, his twenty-sixth birthday.Their engagement was announced on 17 March 1986. Andrew presented Sarah with a Garrard engagement ring made from sketches he had made. The ring has a Burma ruby surrounded by ten drop-diamonds. The mounting was eighteen-carat white and yellow gold.

21 July - The Second Battle of Guam in 1944

The Second Battle of Guam (21 July – 10 August 1944) was the American recapture of the Japanese-held island of Guam, a U.S. territory in the Mariana Islands captured by the Japanese from the U.S. in the 1941 First Battle of Guam during the Pacific campaign of World War II. The battle started on 21 July 1944 and went on till 10 August 1944

Source :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)

21 July - Jairamdas Daulatram born in 1891

Jairamdas Daulatram (21 July 1891 – 1 March 1979) was an Indian political leader in the Indian independence movement. After India's independence, Daulatram served as the Governor of the Indian states of Bihar and later Assam.

Jairamsingh Daulatram was one of the founding members of the Akhil Bharat Sindhi Boli Ain Sahit Sabha (All India Sindhi Language and Literature Congress).

21 July - Battle of Shrewsbury fought in 1403

The Battle of Shrewsbury was a battle fought on 21 July 1403, waged between an army led by the Lancastrian King Henry IV and a rebel army led by Henry "Harry Hotspur" Percy from Northumberland. The battle, the first in which English archers fought each other on English soil, reaffirmed the effectiveness of the longbow and ended the Percy challenge to King Henry IV of England.

Part of the fighting is believed to have taken place at what is now Battlefield, Shropshire, England, three miles north of the centre of Shrewsbury.It is marked today by Battlefield Church and Battlefield Heritage Park.

20 July - National Lollipop Day

National Lollipop Day is marked on July 20 of every year. National Lollipop Day celebrates the popular and tasteful hard candy, i.e., Lollipop. Lollipop is a sugar candy placed on a stick. Lollipops are also called as lolly, pop, dum-dum, sucker, sticky-pop, etc.,.and are available in many different flavours, colours, shapes, sizes and varieties. Lollipops are found to be enjoyed by people ever since the caveman, in the way of honey on sticks. George Smith is the person who owned a small candy shop in America named the lollipops so after his favourite racehorse. There is no age limit to enjoy this candy, so buy some lollipops and relive your childhood memories. National Lollipop Day celebrates the creation of the candies.

20 July - International Chess Day

International Chess Day is observed on July 20 of every year. International Chess Day celebrates the game chess in many countries around the world. Chess is a strategic game played between two using a 64 square checkered board and the person who captures the king of the other is considered to be the winner. Chess is the only sport that is played and celebrated by the majority of adults and kids in the world. Chess is a unique indoor game that can be learnt quickly but challenging to master. Chess has stood the test of time, serving for centuries with few changes to the underlying rules. Chess connects people with art, culture and science. On this day FIDE organises for events and competition for players all around the globe. International Chess Day ultimately encourages more people to play and enjoy the game.

20 July - Colombian Declaration of Independence in 1810

The Colombian Declaration of Independence refers to the events of July 20, 1810, in Santa Fe de Bogota, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada. They resulted in the establishment of a Junta de Santa Fe that day. The experience in self-government eventually led to the creation of the Republic of Colombia.(Note: The initial ambitious area, in accordance with the Viceroyalty of New Granada and Captaincy of Venezuela, included much more than current Colombia; to differentiate it, historians call this supra-nation: Republic of Gran Colombia.)

19 July - Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay born in 1899

Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay (19 July 1899 – 09 February 1979) was an Indian Bengali-language novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, and physician who wrote under the pen name of Banaphul (meaning "the wild flower" in Bengali). He was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.

19 July - Sagarmāthā National Park established in 1976

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Sagarmāthā National Park is a national park in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal that is dominated by Mount Everest. It encompasses an area of 1,148 km2 (443 sq mi) in the Solukhumbu District and ranges in elevation from 2,845 to 8,848 m (9,334 to 29,029 ft) at the summit of Mount Everest. In the north, it shares the international border with the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve of Tibet. In the east it is adjacent to Makalu Barun National Park, and in the south it extends to Dudh Kosi river.It is part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape.

Sagarmāthā is a Nepali word derived from सगर् sagar meaning "sky" and माथा māthā meaning "head".

The protected area has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.

Sagarmatha National Park was established in 1976. In 1979, it became the country's first national park that was inscribed as a Natural World Heritage Site.

18 July - Launch of SLV 3 Rocket with Rohini Satellite in 1980

 

SLV-3 , India‘s first Satellite Launch Vehicle , successfully took off from Sriharikota Range (SHAR) in Andhra Pradesh on 18 July, 1980 and lofted 35 kg ROHINI Satellite in near earth orbit. India thus became the seventh member of the exclusive club of nations having their own satellite launch capability.

The main development work of SLV-3 was carried out at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre . SHAR Centre of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was responsible for the launch complex, tracking and telemetry systems, apart from the rocket motors’ propellant processing and their static testing. ISRO Satellite Centre made the Rohini Satellite and the Satellite Application Centre developed the tracking system receiver, telemetry antenna and telecommand Transponder. Major national industries and the Indian institutions contributed to designing, analysis, testing and fabrication of vehicle hardware and heavy structures.

SLV-3 has a length of 22.6 metres and take-off weight of 17 tonnes, and uses four solid propellant stage motors. The first stage is controlled by secondary injection thrust vector and fintip control in sharing mode, the second stage by bi-propellant reaction control system and the third stage by mono-propellant system. The fourth stage along with satellite interface and satellite is spin-stabilised. This fourth stage assembly is protected from aerodynamic heating while in flight by semi-monocoque honeycomb heat-shield.

18 July - The first sound recording in 1877

The first sound recording, and the first of the human voice, that could be heard by contemporaries, was made by Thomas Edison (1847–1931). Although the chronology has frequently been presented in somewhat garbled form (often by Edison himself), the circumstances seem to have been established definitively in Randall Stross's 2007 biography of the inventor. Working late in the lab on 18 July 1877, comparing telephone diaphragms, Edison felt the vibrations as he spoke into one, and voiced his suggestion that, with a point on the diaphragm, it should be possible to make a recording while pulling something beneath it. With the assistance of John Kruesi and Charles Batchelor the experiment was rigged up there and then. Batchelor pulled a strip of wax paper through the device, while Edison spoke the standard phrase the lab used to test telephone diaphragms: "Mary had a little lamb." Playback was indistinct but audible, and by breakfast time the following morning they had achieved clear articulation from the waxed paper. The lab notebook for 18 July includes the brief entry:

Just tried experiment with a diaphragm having an embossing point & held against parafin paper moving rapidly the spkg vibrations are indented nicely & theres no doubt that I shall be able to store up & reproduce automatically at any future time the human voice perfectly

The entry written by Edison is also signed by Batchelor and James Adams, another assistant. It seems clear that Edison himself didn't immediately see the significance of what he had achieved, and it wasn't till 5 November 1877 that he set down on paper his conceptualisation of the tinfoil cylinder phonograph. The first actual working model was built by John Kruesi on 4 December 1877; the sentence "How do you get that?" is said to have been recorded and reproduced by that date. 

18 July - Nadia Elena Comăneci first perfect 10 in 1976

Nadia Elena Comăneci born November 12, 1961 is a Romanian retired gymnast and a five-time Olympic gold medalist, all in individual events. 

On 18 July 1976, Comăneci made history at the Montreal Olympics. During the team compulsory portion of the competition, she was awarded the first perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics for her routine on the uneven bars.

18 July - Gemini 10 launch in 1966

Gemini 10 was the eighth crewed Earth-orbiting spacecraft of the Gemini series, carrying astronauts John Young and Michael Collins. Its primary purpose was to conduct rendezvous and docking tests with the Agena target vehicle. The mission plan included a rendezvous with the Gemini 8 Agena target, two extravehicular activity (EVA) excursions, and the performance of 15 scientific, technological, and medical experiments. The scientific experiments were related to zodiacal light, synoptic terrain, and synoptic weather photography, micrometeorite collections,  UV astronomical camera, ion wake measurements, and meteoroid erosion.

For many years the spacecraft was the centerpiece of a space exhibition at Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo, Norway. It was returned on request in 2002.

The spacecraft is currently on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.

17 July - USA National Tattoo Day

National Tattoo Day is observed on July 17 of every year. National Tattoo Day encourages everyone to get ink that they have been profoundly thinking about. The day also celebrates the skin art and the love for tattoos that still prevails in the society. A tattoo is a permanent design made in any part of the human body using ink, dyes or pigments. Tattoos can be decorative, symbolic and pictorial. The culture of tattooing had been seen as uncivilised in the west, and the late 20th century, many people had accepted the concept and are now growing trend among all kinds of people. Making permanent marks in the body has been a part of the culture for thousands of years. Tattoos add to your identity and indirectly acts as a sign of who you are, what you like, etc., The culture of tattooing vary with each place, and people all around the world popularly practised it. Some people see the tattoo as addiction. Tattoos are unique because each of them has its own story and memory, tattoos are not just ink but, it is something that can never be taken away from you. So, to mark the day get that tattoo you always wanted.

17 July - Start of The Spanish Civil War in 1936

The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with anarchists, of the communist and syndicalist variety, fought against a revolt by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives and Catholics, led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a war of religion, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism.[10] It has been frequently called the "dress rehearsal" for World War II.[11] The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.

Date : 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location  : Spain
Result : Nationalist victory

17 July - Madras would be known as Chennai from 1996

On July 17th 1996, M. Karunanidhi, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu announced in the state assembly that the state capital of Madras would from then on be known as Chennai.

The name Madras was originally given to an area comprising of the present state of Tamil Nadu and neighbouring areas of North Kerala, Lakshadweep Islands, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Odisha (then Orissa) and a few districts of Karnataka. This area was officially known as Presidency of Fort St. George and was an administrative subdivision of British India. It was, however, popularly known as the Madras Presidency.

16 July - Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen born in 1872

Roald Amundsen, became the first to successfully reach the South Pole.

Roald Amundsen, born on 16 July 1872, was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Amundsen began his career as a polar explorer as first mate on Adrien de Gerlache's Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899. From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage on the sloop Gjøa. In 1909, Amundsen began planning for a South Pole expedition. He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship Fram and reached Antarctica in January 1911. His party established a camp at the Bay of Whales and a series of supply depots on the Barrier (now known as the Ross Ice Shelf) before setting out for the pole in October. The party of five, led by Amundsen, became the first to successfully reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911.

16 July - The Lifeline Express started in 1991

The Lifeline Express, or Jeevan Rekha Express, is a hospital train that runs in India that started running on 16 July 1991. It was a collaboration between the Impact India Foundation (IIF), Indian Railways (IR) and the Health Ministry. The train is funded by IIF, international charitable sources, Indian corporations and individuals. The train has made a health impact both in India, as well as around the world where it has inspired similar initiatives.

15 July - Kumaraswami Kamaraj birth anniversary

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), was the founder and the president of the Indian National Congress (Organisation), widely acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" in Indian politics during the 1960s. He also served as the president of the Indian National Congress for two terms i.e. four years between 1964–1967 and was responsible for the elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri to the position of Prime Minister of India after Nehru's death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri's death. Kamaraj was the 3rd Chief Minister of Madras State (Tamil Nadu) during 1954–1963 and a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha during 1952–1954[3] and 1969–1975. He was known for his simplicity and integrity. He played a major role in developing the infrastructure of the Madras state and worked to improve the quality of life of the needy and the disadvantaged.

He was involved in the Indian independence movement.As the president of the INC, he was instrumental in navigating the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru. As the chief minister of Madras, he was responsible for bringing free education to the disadvantaged and introduced the free Midday Meal Scheme while he himself did not complete schooling. He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

15 July - Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy born in 1783

Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 1st Baronet Jejeebhoy of Bombay, (15 July 1783 – 14 April 1859), also spelt Jeejeebhoy or Jeejebhoy, was a Parsi-Indian merchant and philanthropist. He made a huge fortune in cotton and the opium trade with China.He was considered Bombay's most worthy son.

Did you know there was a locality called, `Yatha Ahu Vairyo, Mohalla’ near the Crawford Market in Bombay where Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy was born.


Jamshetj Jejeebhoy became the first Indian to get Knighthood at the age of 74 years conferred by Queen Victoria.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsetjee_Jejeebhoy

14 July - The Football War in 1969

The Football War (colloquial: Soccer War or the Hundred Hours' War also known as 100 Hour War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier.The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence "100 Hour War"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_War

1930 FIFA World Cup

The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics. All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, the majority at the Estadio Centenario, which was built for the tournament.

Thirteen teams (seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America) entered the tournament. Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America. The teams were divided into four groups, with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals. The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously and were won by France and the United States, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history, while that day United States goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first "clean sheet" in the tournament.


Argentina, Uruguay, the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals. In the final, hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people to become the first nation to win the World Cup.

Information Post : Third voyage of James Cook

James Cook (7 November 1728– 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.

James Cook's third and final voyage (12 July 1776 – 4 October 1780) took the route from Plymouth via Cape Town and Tenerife to New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, and along the North American coast to the Bering Strait.

Its ostensible purpose was to return Omai, a young man from Raiatea, to his homeland, but the Admiralty used this as a cover for their plan to send Cook on a voyage to discover the Northwest Passage. HMS Resolution, to be commanded by Cook,were prepared for the voyage which started from Plymouth in 1776.

11 July - Fiat Automobiles founded in 1899

 

Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is an Italian automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business,and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.

On 11 July 1899, Giovanni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

Fiat Automobiles is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy. During its more than century-long history, it remained the largest automobile manufacturer in Europe and the third in the world after General Motors and Ford for over 20 years, until the car industry crisis in the late 1980s.In 2013, Fiat S.p.A. was the second largest European automaker by volumes produced and the seventh in the world, while currently FCA is the world's eighth-largest auto maker.

11 July - Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair birth anniversary

Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair was a prominent Indian lawyer, politician, and jurist who played a significant role in the Indian freedom movement and the development of India's legal system during the colonial era.

Chettur Sankaran Nair was born on 11July 1857, in Kerala, India. He received his education in law from the University of Madras and went on to become a distinguished lawyer, specializing in criminal law. He earned a reputation for his legal acumen and integrity, becoming one of the leading advocates in British India.

In addition to his legal career, Chettur Sankaran Nair was actively involved in politics and social reform. He was a staunch advocate for Indian self-governance and played a key role in the Indian National Congress (INC) during its early years. He served as the President of the INC in 1897.

Chettur Sankaran Nair also made significant contributions to India's legal system. He served as a member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council and played a key role in drafting and enacting important legislation. He was appointed as a Judge of the Madras High Court and later served as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, the highest court of appeal for the British Empire.

Throughout his life, Chettur Sankaran Nair remained committed to the cause of Indian nationalism and social justice. He received several honors and accolades for his contributions, including a knighthood in 1915.

Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair passed away on 24 April 1934, leaving behind a lasting legacy as a pioneering lawyer, politician, and jurist in India's struggle for independence and legal reform.

11 July - Robert I ( Robert the Bruce) born in 1274

Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Brus; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; Early Scots: Robert Brus; Latin: Robertus Brussius), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation, and eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent country and is today revered in Scotland as a national hero.

09 July - Elias howe jr birth anniversary

Elias Howe Jr. (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor best known for his creation of the modern lockstitch sewing machine.

Howe was commemorated with a 5-cent stamp in the Famous American Inventors series issued October 14, 1940.The 1965 Beatles movie Help! is dedicated to his memory.In 2004 he was inducted into the United States National Inventors Hall of Fame.

09 July - Operation Husky in 1943

The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II, in which the Allies took the island of Sicily from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It began with a large amphibious and airborne operation, followed by a six-week land campaign, and initiated the Italian Campaign.

To divert some of their forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations, the most famous and successful of which was Operation Mincemeat. Husky began on the night of 9–10 July 1943, and ended on 17 August. Strategically, Husky achieved the goals set out for it by Allied planners; the Allies drove Axis air, land and naval forces from the island and the Mediterranean sea lanes were opened for Allied merchant ships for the first time since 1941. The Italian leader, Benito Mussolini, was toppled from power in Italy and the way was opened for the Allied invasion of Italy. The German leader, Adolf Hitler, "canceled a major offensive at Kursk after only a week, in part to divert forces to Italy", resulting in a reduction of German strength on the Eastern Front.The collapse of Italy necessitated German troops replacing the Italians in Italy and to a lesser extent the Balkans, resulting in one fifth of the entire German army being diverted from the east to southern Europe, a proportion that would remain until near the end of the war.

09 July - Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) established in 1875

The BSE, formerly known as the Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd. It is an Indian stock exchange located at Dalal Street, Mumbai.

Established in 1875,it is Asia's oldest stock exchange.The BSE is the world's 10th largest stock exchange with an overall market capitalization of more than $2.2 trillion on as of April 2018.

While BSE Ltd is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it was not always so. In 1850s, five stock brokers gathered together under Banyan tree in front of Mumbai Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated.A decade later, the brokers moved their location to another leafy setting, this time under banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street and what was then called Esplanade Road, now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid increase in the number of brokers, they had to shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent location, the one that they could call their own. The new place was, aptly, called Dalal Street (Brokers' Street). The brokers group became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.