26 July - Conservation of the Mangrove

The International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem, adopted by the General Conference of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2015 and celebrated annually on 26 July, aims to raise awareness of the importance of mangrove ecosystems as “a unique, special and vulnerable ecosystem” and to promote solutions for their sustainable management, conservation and uses.

A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.

Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action. They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud.

Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide "from the atmosphere into long-term storage" in greater quantities than other forests, making them "among the planet's best carbon scrubbers" according to a NASA-led study based on satellite data

The term "mangrove" comes to English from Spanish (perhaps by way of Portuguese), and is likely to originate from Guarani. It was earlier "mangrow" (from Portuguese mangue or Spanish mangle), but this word was corrupted via folk etymology influence of the word "grove".

25 July - R.Venkataraman became President of India in 1987

Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 04 December 1910 – 27 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist and politician who served as a Union Minister and as the eighth President of India.

Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village in Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. He studied law and practised in the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court of India. In his young age, he was an activist of the Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Movement. He was appointed as the member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional cabinet. He was elected to the Lok Sabha four times and served as Union Finance Minister and Defense Minister. In 1984, he was elected as the seventh Vice President of India and in 1987, he became the 8th President of India and served from 25 July 1987 to 25 July 1992. He also served as a State minister under K. Kamaraj and M. Bhaktavatsalam.

25 July - The Arch of Constantine opened on 315 AD

The Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great. The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine’s victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312. Situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill, the arch spans the Via triumphalis, the route taken by victorious military leaders when they entered the city in a triumphal procession. Dedicated in 315, it is the largest Roman triumphal arch, with overall dimensions of.21 m high, 25.9 m wide and 7.4 m deep. It has three bays, the central one being 11.5 m high and 6.5 m wide and the laterals 7.4 m by 3.4 m each. The arch is constructed of brick-faced concrete reveted in marble.

The three bay design with detached columns was first used for the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum (which stands at the end of the triumph route) and repeated in several other arches now lost.

The arch, which was constructed between 312 and 315 AD, was dedicated by the Senate to commemorate ten years of Constantine's reign (306–337) and his victory over the then reigning emperor Maxentius (306–312) at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312,as described on its attic inscription,and officially opened on 25 July 315. 

24 July - Gurram Jashuva death in 1971

(or G Joshua) (28 September 1895 – 24 July 1971) was a Telugu poet. He was recognized with awards by Government of India. His literature’s impact on the society was studied by researchers. Literary awards were instituted in his memory.

Jashuva was born to Virayya and Lingamma in Vinukonda, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India to a community of leather workers.His father belonged to the Yadav caste and his mother belonged to the Madiga caste. Due to poverty and the intercaste marriage of his parents, his childhood was difficult in a society in which some castes were considered “untouchable.” His parents raised him and his brother as Christians. Jashuva graduated with Ubhaya Bhasha Praveena (as a scholar of Telugu and Sanskrit languages).

Awards:
Jashuva was presented the Sahitya Akademi Award for the work Kreestu Charitra in 1964.
He was appointed as Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Councilin 1964.
He was awarded Kala Prapoorna by Andhra University in 1970.
He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1970.

24 July - Uttam Kumar death in 1980

Uttam Kumar (born Arun Kumar Chatterjee; 3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) was an Indian film actor who predominantly worked in Bengali cinema.Through his career he earned commercial as well as critical success, and he remains as an Indian cultural icon. Considered as the most popular film star of Bengali cinema, popularly known as Mahanayak, Kumar had a large fan following, mainly in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He was a recipient of many awards over his lifetime, including National Film Award for Best Actor. Tollygunge Metro station in Kolkata was renamed as Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Metro Station in his honour.

24 July - James VI King of Scotland in 1567

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

23 July - Bombay Radio Station started in 1927

On this day, July 23, in the year 1927, India’s first Commercial Radio Station started its service when daily radio transmission broadcasting was started by Bombay Radio Station. According to an agreement during the British rule on July 23, 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorised to operate two radio stations. The day is celebrated as "National Broadcasting Day"
 

One was the Bombay station, which began on July 23, 1927, and the other was the Calcutta station, which started on August 26, 1927. Therefore IBC started its first radio transmission broadcasting through Bombay Radio Station on July 23, 1927.

However, IBC went into liquidation on March 1, 1930 and the Government took over the broadcasting facilities. Later on April 1, 1930, the broadcasting began with Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). . On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.

 

National Broadcasting Day serves as a reminder of the importance of the broadcasting industry in India and its role in shaping public discourse and disseminating information. On this day, various events and activities may be organized by radio stations, media organizations, and the government to celebrate the rich history of broadcasting in the country. It is also an occasion to recognize the efforts of broadcasters and radio professionals who contribute to the development and growth of the broadcasting sector in India.

23 July - Bal Gangadhar Tilak birth anniversary

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (or Lokmanya Tilak, About this soundpronunciation (help·info); 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate.Tilak was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities called him "The father of the Indian unrest." He was also conferred with the title of "Lokmanya", which means "accepted by the people (as their leader)".Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India".

Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ("self-rule") and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: "Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it!". He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

"Lokmanya" Bal Gangadhar Tilak passed away on 01 August 1920.

23 July - Haile Selassie I born in 1892

Haile Selassie I (born Lij Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, and he had been Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916. He is a defining figure in modern Ethiopian history.He was a member of the Solomonic dynasty who traced his lineage to Emperor Menelik I.

Selassie's internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations.At the League of Nations in 1936, he condemned Italy's use of chemical weapons against its people during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.He has been criticized by some historians for his suppression of rebellions among the landed aristocracy (the mesafint), which consistently opposed his reforms; some critics have also criticized Ethiopia's failure to modernize rapidly enough.During his rule the Harari people were persecuted and many left the Harari Region.His regime was also criticized by human rights groups, such as Human Rights Watch, as autocratic and illiberal.

Among the Rastafari movement, whose followers are estimated to number between 700,000 and one million, Haile Selassie is revered as the returned messiah of the Bible, God incarnate.Beginning in Jamaica in the 1930s, the Rastafari movement perceives Haile Selassie as a messianic figure who will lead a future golden age of eternal peace, righteousness, and prosperity.He was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian throughout his life.

The 1973 famine in Ethiopia led to Selassie's removal from the throne.He died on 27 August 1975 at age 83 following a coup.

23 July - The Komagata Maru incident in 1914

The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in 1914, but most were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata), India. There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 20 Sikhs.

Komagata Maru sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab province in British India. The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus, all Punjabis and British subjects.Of these 376 passengers, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to leave Canadian waters. The ship was turned around and forced to depart for Asia on July 23.The ship was escorted by the SS Rainbow, Canada's first naval vessel. This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin.

A stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the arrival of Komagata Maru was released by Canada Post on May 1, 2014