12 March - Dandi March /Salt March

 

On 12 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began the Salt March, a 200-mile march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt in India.

The Salt March, Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March, Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The twenty four day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Mahatma Gandhi started this march with 80 of his trusted volunteers. Walking ten miles a day for twenty four days, the march spanned over 240 miles, from Sabarmati Ashram, 240 miles to Dandi. Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians.

12 March - Coca - Cola sold first time in bottle in 1894

 

On 12 March 1894, Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Local shop owner Joseph A. Biedenharm used the bottles that he had on hand to bottle soda water, which happened to be Hutchinson blob-top bottles embossed with “Biedenharn Candy Company, Vicksburg, Miss.

12 March - World Day Against Cyber Censorship

 

The World Day Against Cyber Censorship, also known as the International Day Against Cyber Censorship, is an annual event observed on March 12th. It was first initiated by Reporters Without Borders (Reporters sans frontières or RSF), a non-profit organization that advocates for freedom of information and freedom of the press.

The day aims to raise awareness about online censorship, restrictions on internet freedom, and the challenges faced by journalists, bloggers, and individuals in expressing themselves freely in the digital space. Governments, corporations, and other entities are sometimes involved in limiting access to information, suppressing dissent, or monitoring online activities.

On the World Day Against Cyber Censorship, various organizations, activists, and individuals around the world engage in activities such as advocacy, campaigns, and discussions to highlight the importance of preserving online freedom and combating censorship. It serves as a reminder of the fundamental right to freedom of expression and the need to protect this right in the digital age. The event also sheds light on the importance of an open and unrestricted internet for the free flow of information and ideas.

 

12 March - The Girl Scouts are founded in the US

 

The Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) was founded on March 12, 1912, by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, Georgia. Juliette Gordon Low, also known as "Daisy," was inspired to establish an organization for girls after meeting Sir Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides (which later became the Girl Scouts in the United Kingdom).

Juliette Gordon Low envisioned an organization that would help girls develop physically, mentally, and spiritually, while also preparing them for leadership roles. The first Girl Scout meeting in the United States took place on March 12, 1912, with 18 girls in attendance. From this modest beginning, the Girl Scouts movement grew and evolved into a widely recognized and influential organization for girls and young women.

Today, the Girl Scouts of the USA is a well-established organization with a focus on empowering girls through a variety of programs and activities that promote leadership, character development, and community service. The Girl Scouts' iconic cookies, sold annually as part of fundraising efforts, have become a symbol of the organization's impact and reach.

12 March - Lloyd Stowell Shapley death anniversary

 

Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2012. Shapley made significant contributions to both fields, particularly in the areas of cooperative game theory and market design. Here are some key points about Lloyd Shapley:

1. Early Life and Education: Lloyd Shapley was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His father, the renowned astronomer Harlow Shapley, influenced his early interest in science. Shapley studied mathematics at Harvard University, earning his Ph.D. in 1953 under the supervision of David Gale.

2. Cooperative Game Theory: Shapley's most notable contributions were in the field of cooperative game theory. He developed the concept of the Shapley value, a solution concept for fair distribution of gains in cooperative games. The Shapley value considers the marginal contribution of each player to all possible coalitions within a game.

3. Shapley–Shubik Power Index: In collaboration with Martin Shubik, Shapley introduced the Shapley–Shubik power index, a measure of the power or influence of a player in a voting system. This index is widely used in political science and economics.

4. Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2012): Lloyd Shapley was awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 2012, jointly with Alvin E. Roth. The Nobel Committee recognized their work on market design and matching theory, which has practical applications in various real-world situations, including school choice and organ donation.

5. Academic Career: Shapley held academic positions at several prestigious institutions, including the RAND Corporation, Princeton University, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

6. Other Contributions: In addition to his work in game theory and economics, Shapley made contributions to mathematical economics, mathematical psychology, and combinatorics.

7. Legacy: Lloyd Shapley's research had a profound impact on various fields, and his ideas continue to be influential in economics, mathematics, and computer science.

Lloyd Shapley passed away on March 12, 2016, leaving behind a legacy of innovative and influential contributions to game theory and economics.

 

12 March - Leo Esaki birth anniversary

 

Leo Esaki (born 12 March 1925) is a Japanese physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973, along with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson, for their work on electron tunneling phenomena in semiconductors. Here are some key points about Leo Esaki:

1. Early Life and Education: Leo Esaki was born in Osaka, Japan. He earned his undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Tokyo in 1947 and completed his Ph.D. in physics from the same university in 1959.

2. Work on Tunneling: Esaki's groundbreaking work focused on electron tunneling in semiconductors. In 1957, he predicted the phenomenon known as the "Esaki diode" or "tunnel diode," which is a semiconductor device exhibiting quantum tunneling. This work was crucial for the development of solid-state electronics.

3. Esaki Diode: The Esaki diode is a type of tunnel diode that takes advantage of quantum tunneling, allowing electrons to pass through a potential barrier that would be insurmountable in classical physics. The tunnel diode became an essential component in the field of electronics.

4. Career in the United States: After completing his Ph.D., Esaki moved to the United States and worked at various institutions, including IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. His work on tunneling phenomena contributed significantly to the development of semiconductor technology.

5. Nobel Prize in Physics (1973): Leo Esaki, along with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for his pioneering work on electron tunneling in semiconductors.

6. Later Career and Contributions: Esaki continued his research and made contributions to various areas of physics and technology. He held academic and research positions in both Japan and the United States.

7. Honors and Recognition: In addition to the Nobel Prize, Esaki received numerous honors and awards for his contributions to physics and technology.

Leo Esaki's work in the field of electron tunneling significantly impacted the development of electronic devices, and his contributions have had a lasting influence on the field of solid-state physics and semiconductor technology.

 

12 March - Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was born in 1913

 

Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. He served as the last Chief Minister of Bombay State and the first of Maharashtra after latter was created by the division of Bombay state. His last significant ministerial post was as the Deputy Prime Minister of India in the short lived Charan Singh government in 1979.

He was a strong Congress leader, co-operative leader, social activist and writer. He was popularly known as Leader of Common People. He advocated social democracy in his speeches and articles and was instrumental in establishing co-operatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers.

12 March - Paul Gerhardt was born in 1607

 

Paul Gerhardt (12 March 1607 – 27 May 1676) was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist.

Gerhardt is considered Germany's greatest hymn writer. Many of his best-known hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the light in Johann Crüger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1647) and Praxis pietatis melica. The first complete collection is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist.

The life of Gerhardt has been written by Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and by Bachmann (1863); also by Kraft in Ersch's und Gruber's Allg. Encyc (1855). A short biography was also done by William Dallmann, reprinted in 2003. The best modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an English translation by Kelly (Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867)

12 March - Baburao Pullesur Shedmake birth anniversary

 

 

Baburao was born in Kishtapur village of Aheri tehsil in Chanda district on 12 March 1833.

Baburao Pullesur Shedmake was an Indian pro-independence rebel and a Gond chieftain from Central India. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he led the revolt in Chanda district.

Born in a Gond zamindar family, he fought multiple battles against the British in a period of seven months in 1858. He was eventually captured and hanged for rebellion against the British government.

Baburao Shedmake's life and his revolt against foreign rule are still celebrated by the Gond community. A sobriquet veer, i.e. brave, is added to his name as a mark of his bravery.His birth and death anniversaries are observed annually throughout Gondwana region.

 

12 March - André Le Nôtre was born

 

André Le Nôtre 12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre, was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. He was the landscape architect who designed the gardens of the Palace of Versailles; his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or jardin à la française.

Prior to working on Versailles, Le Nôtre collaborated with Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun on the park at Vaux-le-Vicomte. His other works include the design of gardens and parks at Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud and Saint-Germain. His contribution to planning was also significant: at the Tuileries he extended the westward vista, which later became the avenue of the Champs-Élysées and comprise the Axe historique