31 December - The incorporation of Baltimore as a city

 

Baltimore, a major city in the state of Maryland, United States, was officially incorporated on 31 December 1796. It was named after Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, who was a proprietor of the Province of Maryland. The city's early growth was fueled by its strategic location on the Patapsco River and its role as a major port.

 

31 December - The East India Company was established in 1600

 

The East India Company was officially established on December 31, 1600. It was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I of England, and its formation marked the beginning of formal English involvement in trade with the East Indies, particularly the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The company played a significant role in the development of British trade and influence in the Indian Ocean region, eventually becoming a major political and economic power in India.

31 December - Maharaja Bhagyachandra's postage stamp released in 2000

Rajarshi Bhagyachandra, also known as Maharaja Bhagyachandra, was a significant ruler and cultural patron in the history of Manipur, a state in northeastern India. He reigned from 1763 to 1798 and is widely regarded as one of the most influential and enlightened kings of Manipur.

Rajarshi Bhagyachandra was born in 1734 as the son of King Pamheiba (Garib Niwaz) and Queen Thambalangoubi. He ascended to the throne after the death of his brother and faced numerous challenges during his reign.

One of Maharaja Bhagyachandra's notable contributions was his efforts to reform Manipuri literature and performing arts. He is credited with introducing the Ras Lila dance drama, a traditional dance form depicting the divine love of Lord Krishna and Radha. He also established the classical Manipuri dance style known as "Ras Mandal" and composed several devotional songs and poems.

Under his patronage, Manipuri arts and culture flourished, and he invited scholars, artists, and experts from various fields to the royal court. He played a crucial role in the revival and preservation of Manipuri traditions and arts during a time of cultural and political challenges.

Maharaja Bhagyachandra also undertook administrative reforms and aimed to modernize the state. He introduced a standardized script for the Manipuri language, known as the Meitei script or Meitei Mayek, which is still in use today.

Furthermore, he actively promoted trade and commerce, built infrastructure, and improved governance in his kingdom. His reign witnessed the construction of several significant structures, including the Kangla Palace, which remains an important historical site in Manipur.

Rajarshi Bhagyachandra's reign marked a period of cultural and artistic renaissance in Manipur. His contributions to literature, performing arts, language, and governance continue to be celebrated and revered in Manipuri society. He is remembered as a visionary ruler and cultural icon who left a lasting impact on the history and cultural heritage of Manipur.

31 December - Robert Boyle death anniversary

 

Robert Boyle was an influential figure in the field of natural philosophy and is often considered one of the founders of modern chemistry. Born on 25 January 1627, in Ireland, Boyle made significant contributions to various scientific disciplines during the 17th century.

Key points about Robert Boyle include:

1. Boyle's Law: He is most famous for Boyle's Law, which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. It states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume if the temperature remains constant.

2. Scientific Method: Boyle was a strong advocate for the empirical method and is recognized for his contributions to the development of experimental scientific methods. His work emphasized the importance of rigorous experimentation and observation in scientific inquiry.

3. Chemistry and Alchemy: Boyle conducted extensive research in chemistry and alchemy. He was involved in experiments that laid the groundwork for modern chemistry, exploring concepts related to elements, compounds, and chemical reactions.

4. Boyle's Air Pump: He designed and built an air pump, known as the Boyle's air pump, which was used to conduct experiments on the properties of air and the vacuum. This device was instrumental in advancing scientific understanding in various fields.

5. Contributions to Philosophy: Boyle was also interested in natural philosophy and made significant contributions to the philosophical discussions of his time, particularly regarding the nature of matter and the relationship between science and religion.

Robert Boyle's work had a profound impact on the development of modern scientific thought. His emphasis on experimentation, his investigations into the properties of gases, and his contributions to the scientific method laid the groundwork for advancements in various scientific disciplines. He passed away on 31 December 1691, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence scientific inquiry.

 

31December - Edison demonstrated his incandescent light bulb for the first time

 

Edison demonstrated his incandescent light bulb for the first time on 31December 1879, in Menlo Park, New Jersey, but this demonstration was for a group of his associates.

The Menlo Park demonstration marked a crucial moment in the history of electric lighting. Edison's incandescent light bulb was a groundbreaking invention that eventually revolutionized the way people lit their homes and workplaces.

On 04 September 1882 Edison's Pearl Street Electric Power Station in New York City began operating, providing electrical power for customers in a square-mile area. This event is often considered the first public use of Edison's incandescent lighting system, marking the beginning of the widespread adoption of electric lighting.

 

31 December - Marie Curie received her 2nd Nobel Prize in 1911

 

Marie Curie did not receive her second Nobel Prize on December 31, 1911. However, a significant event related to Marie Curie did occur in 1911. In 1911, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of radium and polonium, making her the first person to receive Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.

Marie Curie had previously received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, which she shared with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for their joint research on the radiation phenomena.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 recognized Marie Curie's groundbreaking work in isolating radium and polonium and her investigation of their properties. Her contributions to the field of chemistry were instrumental in advancing the understanding of radioactivity.

Marie Curie remains the only individual to have received Nobel Prizes in two different scientific disciplines.

 

31 December - Rajiv Gandhi became the seventh Prime Minister of India

 

Rajiv Gandhi became the seventh Prime Minister of India. He assumed office on 31 October 1984, following the assassination of his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi's entry into politics was sudden and unexpected, as he had initially pursued a career as a professional pilot.

Rajiv Gandhi led the Indian National Congress to a decisive victory in the general elections held in December 1984. The party secured a massive majority in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament), and Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister.He took his oath on 31 December 1984.

During his tenure, Rajiv Gandhi implemented several economic and technological reforms. He emphasized modernization, computerization, and the expansion of education and technology infrastructure. However, his government also faced challenges, including controversies related to the Bofors scandal and political unrest in Punjab.

Rajiv Gandhi served as the Prime Minister until 02 December 1989. After his term, he continued to be active in politics until his assassination on 21 May 1991, during an election campaign in Tamil Nadu. His wife, Sonia Gandhi, later entered politics, and his son, Rahul Gandhi, has also been involved in Indian politics.

 

31 December - Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade death anniversary

 

Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade (1863–1926) was an influential Indian historian, scholar, and social activist renowned for his significant contributions to the study of Maratha history and culture. Born on 24 July 1863, Rajwade dedicated his life to historical research, delving into various aspects of Maratha rule and contributing extensively to Marathi literature.

Rajwade's scholarly works covered socio-economic and political conditions during the Maratha period. His literary contributions included essays, critiques, and commentaries, reflecting his commitment to the promotion of the Marathi language.

Beyond his academic pursuits, Rajwade was a staunch advocate for the preservation and promotion of Marathi culture. He actively participated in social and cultural movements aimed at safeguarding Maharashtra's cultural heritage.

Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade's legacy endures through his influential writings, which remain valuable sources for understanding the history and culture of the Maratha Empire. He passed away on 31 December 1926, leaving behind a lasting impact on Marathi historiography and literature.

30 December - Joseph Rudyard Kipling born in 1865

 

 

Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. He was born in British India, which inspired much of his work.

Kipling's works of fiction include the Jungle Book duology (The Jungle Book, 1894; The Second Jungle Book, 1895), Kim (1901), the Just So Stories (1902) and many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888).His poems include "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" (1919), "The White Man's Burden" (1899), and "If—" (1910). He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story. His children's books are classics; one critic noted "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".

Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom's most popular writers.Henry James said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known."[3] In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, as the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient to date.He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood, but declined both.Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at Poets' Corner, part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey.

Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age.The contrasting views of him continued for much of the 20th century.Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with

30 December - Ramana Maharshi birth anniversary

 

Ramana Maharshi, born as Venkataraman Iyer, was a renowned Indian sage and spiritual teacher who lived in the 20th century. He was born on 30 December 1879, in Tiruchuli, Tamil Nadu, India, and he passed away on  14 April 1950, at the age of 70. Ramana Maharshi is widely regarded as one of the most important spiritual figures in modern Hinduism.

Ramana Maharshi's spiritual journey began at the age of 16 when he experienced a profound spiritual awakening. He became intensely focused on the question of self-inquiry, asking himself, "Who am I?" This question became the focal point of his teachings and practices.

He left his home and went to the sacred hill of Arunachala in Tiruvannamalai, where he spent the rest of his life in deep contemplation and meditation. His teachings emphasized the practice of self-inquiry as a means to realize the true nature of the self (atman) and attain liberation (moksha).

Ramana Maharshi advocated a direct path to self-realization through self-inquiry, encouraging individuals to turn their attention inward and question the nature of their own existence. He believed that the true self, or the "I," could be discovered by persistent self-examination and questioning.

Throughout his life, Ramana Maharshi attracted a following of devotees and seekers who were drawn to his silent presence and profound spiritual wisdom. He did not prescribe rigid rituals or elaborate practices, emphasizing instead the simplicity of self-inquiry and self-awareness.

Ramana Maharshi's teachings have had a significant impact on the spiritual landscape of India and have influenced numerous individuals worldwide. His ashram, Sri Ramanasramam, continues to be a spiritual center in Tiruvannamalai, attracting visitors and seekers from various parts of the world. His teachings are also preserved in various writings, including conversations recorded by his disciples and his seminal work, "Who Am I?"

30 December - Saddam Hussein death anniversary

 

Saddam Hussein (1937–2006) was the President of Iraq from 1979 until his overthrow and capture by U.S. forces in 2003. His full name was Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti. Here are some key points about Saddam Hussein:

1. Early Life: Saddam Hussein was born on 28 April 1937, in the town of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, in present-day Iraq. He came from a poor family and grew up in a troubled environment.

2. Rise to Power: Saddam initially joined the Ba'ath Party, a secular Arab nationalist party, and became involved in political activities. He played a role in the coup that brought the Ba'ath Party to power in Iraq in 1968.

3. Presidency: Saddam became the President of Iraq in 1979 after a series of political maneuvers, including purges of political rivals and consolidating power within the Ba'ath Party.

4. Iran-Iraq War: One of the major events during Saddam's presidency was the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). The conflict began when Iraq, under Saddam's leadership, invaded Iran. The war had devastating consequences for both countries.

5. Invasion of Kuwait: In 1990, Saddam ordered the invasion of Kuwait, leading to the Gulf War (1990-1991). A coalition of international forces, led by the United States, intervened, and Kuwait was liberated. Saddam's forces were forced to withdraw.

6. Post-Gulf War Sanctions: After the Gulf War, Iraq faced international sanctions, which had a severe impact on the country's economy and its people.

7. 2003 Invasion of Iraq: In 2003, the United States, along with a coalition of allies, invaded Iraq, citing concerns about weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and ties to terrorism. Saddam Hussein was eventually captured by U.S. forces in December 2003.

8. Trial and Execution: Saddam Hussein faced trial for crimes against humanity, including the suppression of political opponents and the killing of Iraqi Kurds. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. Saddam was executed by hanging on 30 December 2006.

Saddam Hussein's regime was marked by authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, and military conflicts. His removal from power and subsequent execution marked a significant chapter in Iraq's recent history, but the aftermath of the Iraq War and the fall of Saddam's regime have also been associated with complex challenges in the region.

 

30 December - U Kiang Nangbah death anniversary

 

U Kiang Nangbah, also known as U Tirot Sing, was a Khasi leader and a freedom fighter from Meghalaya, India. Unfortunately, specific birth date for U Kiang Nangbah is not readily available.His death date mentioned is 30 December 1862. Historical records from that period may not be as comprehensive, and the details of his life might be based more on oral traditions.

U Kiang Nangbah played a significant role in resisting British colonial rule in the Khasi Hills during the 19th century. He led the Khasi people in their struggle against the British East India Company's attempts to annex the Khasi territories. His efforts were part of the broader resistance against British imperialism in various parts of India.

While specific dates might be elusive, U Kiang Nangbah is remembered and celebrated for his contributions to the fight for independence in the region. His legacy is honored, and he is considered a hero in the history of Meghalaya and the broader context of India's struggle for freedom.

30 December - Subhash Chandra Bose waved India's independence flag at Port Blair in 1943

 

Subhas Chandra Bose did indeed play a significant role in India's struggle for independence, and he is remembered for his efforts to free India from British rule. However, there is some historical controversy surrounding the claim that he waved India's independence flag in Port Blair in 1943.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a key leader in the Indian National Congress during the pre-independence era. However, due to ideological differences with Mahatma Gandhi and other Congress leaders, Bose eventually formed the Forward Bloc and later sought support from Axis powers during World War II to fight against British colonial rule.

In 1943, Bose led the Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, with the aim of liberating India from British control. The INA, composed of Indian prisoners of war and civilians in Southeast Asia, played a role in the Burma Campaign against the British.

There is historical evidence that Subhas Chandra Bose visited the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, including Port Blair, during this period. However, the specific claim that he waved India's independence flag at Port Blair in 1943 is not universally accepted by historians, and details about such an event may be subject to differing accounts.

While Netaji's contributions to India's struggle for independence and his leadership of the INA are widely acknowledged, it's essential to approach historical claims with a critical perspective, considering the complexity of events during that time.

30 December - Rizal Day

 

Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines observed on 30 December each year. It commemorates the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines. Dr. Jose Rizal was a key figure in the country's struggle for independence during the late 19th century. He was a multifaceted intellectual, a novelist, poet, ophthalmologist, and a nationalist who played a crucial role in inspiring Filipinos to seek freedom from Spanish colonial rule.

The significance of Rizal Day goes beyond just remembering the life of Jose Rizal; it serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by Filipino revolutionaries and the continuing quest for national sovereignty and independence. On this day, various events, ceremonies, and programs are organized across the country to honor Rizal's legacy and to reflect on the struggles and aspirations of the Filipino people for freedom and self-determination. The observance of Rizal Day is also a time for Filipinos to renew their commitment to the values of patriotism, nationalism, and social justice.

 

30 December - Dushyant Kumar death anniversary

 

Dushyant Kumar (1933–1975) was a prominent Hindi poet and lyricist from India. He was born in the town of Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh. Dushyant Kumar is known for his poignant and socially relevant poetry, which often reflected the struggles and aspirations of the common people.

He was born on 01 September 1933 and he passed away on 30 December 1975

His poetry touched upon various themes, including love, social justice, and the challenges faced by the underprivileged. Dushyant Kumar was part of the Nayi Kavita (New Poetry) movement in Hindi literature, which sought to break away from traditional forms and explore new expressions.

One of his well-known works is the poem "Ho Gayi Hai Peer Parvat Si, Pighalni Chahiye," which addresses the need for change and transformation in society. His poems often carried a deep sense of empathy and a call for social reform.

Dushyant Kumar's life was cut short at the age of 42 when he met with a fatal accident in 1975. Despite his relatively short literary career, his impact on Hindi poetry remains significant, and his verses are still remembered and recited by poetry enthusiasts in India. His work continues to be celebrated for its emotional intensity and its connection to the social fabric of the time.

29 December - Rajesh Khanna birth anniversary

 

Rajesh Khanna born Jatin Khanna (29 December 1942 – 18 July 2012) was an Indian actor, film producer and politician who worked in Hindi films. He is called as the "First Superstar of Hindi cinema",he consecutively starred in a record 15 solo hero successful films between 1969 and 1971.He was the highest-paid actor in Hindi cinema throughout the 1970s and 1980s. His accolades include four BFJA Awards and five Filmfare Awards, and in 2013, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour.

Khanna made his debut in 1966 Aakhri Khat which was India's first official Oscar Entry in 1967. In 2005, he was honoured with the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award on the 50th anniversary of the Filmfare Awards.He was a Member of Parliament in the 10th Lok Sabha from New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency between 1992 and 1996, elected in the 1992 New Delhi by-election as an Indian National Congress candidate.He was married to Dimple Kapadia in March 1973, eight months before her debut film Bobby was released and had two daughters from the marriage. Their elder daughter Twinkle Khanna is an actress who is married to actor Akshay Kumar, while they also have a younger daughter Rinke Khanna.

Khanna died on 18 July 2012, after a period of illness.He has been honoured with a stamp and statue in his likeness, and a road renamed after him by the Prime Minister of India. In 2014, his biography Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar by Yasser Usman was published by Penguin Books.In 2022, his biography "Rajesh Khanna The Most Versatile Superstar Actor of Hindi Cinema" written by Narayanan Subramanian was released.In 2018, a one kilometre fitness trail in Lajpat Nagar National Park was named after Khanna, which was inaugurated by his wife Dimple Kapadia.

29 December - Andrew Johnson birth anniversary

 

Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Here are some key points about Andrew Johnson:

1. Early Life: Andrew Johnson was born on 29 December 1808, in Raleigh, North Carolina, in a poor family. He had little formal education and apprenticed as a tailor.

2. Political Career in Tennessee: Johnson entered politics in Tennessee and served in various local and state offices, including as governor and U.S. senator. He was the only senator from a Confederate state who did not resign when the Southern states seceded during the Civil War.

3. Vice Presidency: Johnson became Abraham Lincoln's running mate as Vice President in the 1864 election, representing the National Union Party. His selection was aimed at fostering a sense of national unity during the Civil War.

4. Presidency: Johnson became President on 15 April 1865, following the assassination of President Lincoln. As President, he faced the complex task of Reconstruction in the aftermath of the Civil War.

5. Reconstruction Policies: Johnson's approach to Reconstruction was lenient towards the Southern states. He favored quick restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union with minimal federal intervention. This approach conflicted with the more radical Republican Congress, leading to significant political tension.

6. Impeachment: Johnson's resistance to the Radical Republican agenda, including his vetoes of key Reconstruction legislation, led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was charged with violating the Tenure of Office Act, but he narrowly avoided removal from office when the Senate fell one vote short of the necessary two-thirds majority for conviction.

7. Later Years: After leaving the presidency, Johnson returned to Tennessee and later served again in the U.S. Senate. He sought but did not win the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1868.

8. Death: Andrew Johnson died on 31 July 1875, in Carter County, Tennessee.

Andrew Johnson's presidency is often viewed as one of the most challenging periods in American history, marked by the difficulties of Reconstruction and the post-Civil War era. The conflicts between the executive and legislative branches during his presidency left a lasting impact on the balance of power between these branches of government.

 

29 December - K. V. Puttappa birth anniversary

 

K. V. Puttappa, also known as Kuvempu, was a prominent Indian poet, playwright, novelist, and critic who wrote predominantly in the Kannada language. He was born on 29 December 1904, in Hirekodige near Bommalapura in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, India. Kuvempu is widely regarded as one of the greatest literary figures in the Kannada language and played a significant role in the modernization of Kannada literature.

Some key points about K. V. Puttappa (Kuvempu) include:

1. Literary Contributions: Kuvempu's literary works encompass various genres, including poetry, plays, novels, essays, and short stories. He wrote with a strong emphasis on human values, social issues, and the need for a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

2. Magnum Opus: His epic poetic work, "Sri Ramayana Darshanam," is considered a masterpiece. It is a modern rendering of the Indian epic Ramayana, and Kuvempu received the Jnanpith Award, one of the highest literary honors in India, for this work in 1967.

3. Philosopher and Educationist: Kuvempu was not only a literary figure but also a philosopher and educationist. He served as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Mysore and made significant contributions to the field of education.

4. Rashtrakavi: Kuvempu was conferred with the title "Rashtrakavi" (National Poet) by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding contributions to Indian literature.

5. Legacy: Kuvempu's influence extends beyond literature. He was an advocate for social reform, environmental conservation, and the promotion of Kannada language and culture.

Kuvempu passed away on 11 November 1994, leaving behind a rich literary legacy that continues to inspire readers and scholars in Karnataka and beyond. His contributions have had a lasting impact on Kannada literature and cultural life in India.

29 December - Deenanath Mangeshkar birth anniversary

 

Deenanath Mangeshkar was an accomplished classical singer and theater actor from India. He was born on 29 December 1900  in the town of Mangeshi in Goa, which was then part of Portuguese India. Deenanath Mangeshkar was the father of the legendary Mangeshkar siblings—Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar, and Hridaynath Mangeshkar—all of whom went on to achieve great success in the Indian music industry.

Deenanath Mangeshkar had a significant influence on his children's early musical training. He was well-versed in classical music and played a crucial role in shaping the musical careers of his daughters. Lata Mangeshkar, in particular, became one of the most celebrated playback singers in Indian cinema.

Tragically, Deenanath Mangeshkar passed away on 24 April 1942, when his children were still young. Despite his untimely death, his legacy continued through the remarkable achievements of his talented offspring in the field of music. The Mangeshkar family is considered a musical dynasty in Indian cinema, with Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle being two of the most iconic and revered playback singers in the history of Indian music.

 

29 December - Charles Goodyear birth anniversary

 

Charles Goodyear, the American inventor known for developing the process of vulcanizing rubber, was born on 29 December 1800. He passed away on 01 July 1860.

Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization, a process that strengthens rubber and makes it more elastic and durable, had a profound impact on the rubber industry. This breakthrough transformed rubber from a brittle and unreliable material into a versatile and valuable one. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, founded later and named in his honor, is a well-known global tire manufacturer.

Despite his significant contributions, Charles Goodyear faced financial difficulties throughout his life and spent a considerable amount of time in debt. He died in debt and was not able to fully capitalize on the commercial success of his invention during his lifetime.

29 December - HMS warrior launched in 1860

 

HMS Warrior (1860), a revolutionary iron-hulled warship. It was launched on 29 December 1860.

HMS Warrior (1860) was the first iron-hulled, armored battleship and represented a significant advancement in naval technology during the mid-19th century. It was part of a new breed of warships known as ironclads and played a pivotal role in naval warfare during its time.

This launch marked a milestone in naval history as HMS Warrior represented a departure from traditional wooden warships, showcasing the transition to iron and steel in naval construction. Today, HMS Warrior (1860) is preserved as a museum ship in Portsmouth, England, allowing visitors to explore and learn about its historical significance.

 

29 December - Mongolia Independence Day

 

Mongolia declared its independence from Chinese rule on  29 December 1911. This day is celebrated as Mongolia's Independence Day, also known as National Revolution Day or Independence Declaration Day. The declaration of independence marked the end of the Qing Dynasty's rule over Mongolia and the establishment of the Bogd Khaanate, a theocratic monarchy with the Bogd Khan as the spiritual and political leader.

Independence Day is a significant national holiday in Mongolia, commemorated with various events, ceremonies, and festivities. It is a time for Mongolians to reflect on their history, celebrate their sovereignty, and honor those who played a role in gaining independence. The day is marked by cultural events, traditional performances, and patriotic activities throughout the country.

29 December - Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa birth anniversary

 

Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa, commonly known as Kuvempu, was an eminent Indian poet, playwright, and novelist who wrote primarily in the Kannada language. He was born on 29 December 1904, in Kuppali, a village in the Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, India, and he passed away on 11 November 1994.

Kuvempu was a prominent figure in Kannada literature and a leading literary figure in the Navodaya movement, which sought to bring about a literary renaissance in Kannada literature. He was awarded the Jnanpith Award, one of the highest literary honors in India, for his contributions to Kannada literature.

Some of Kuvempu's notable works include the epic poem "Shri Ramayana Darshanam," the play "Yayati," and the novel "Malegalalli Madumagalu." His writings often reflected his deep philosophical and spiritual insights.

Apart from his literary contributions, Kuvempu was also a thinker, educationist, and served as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Mysore. His contributions to literature and education have left a lasting impact on Kannada culture and the literary landscape of India.

29 December - Texas became the 28th state of the United States

 

Texas became the 28th state of the United States on 29 December 1845. This followed its annexation to the United States, which occurred after it gained independence from Mexico in 1836. The Republic of Texas existed as a sovereign nation for nearly a decade before joining the United States. The annexation of Texas contributed to tensions between the Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery, eventually leading to the Mexican-American War in 1846.

29 December - The USS Constitution captured the HMS Java

 

The USS Constitution, a frigate of the United States Navy, captured the HMS Java, a British frigate, on 29 December 1812, during the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This naval engagement took place in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Brazil.

The USS Constitution, commanded by Captain William Bainbridge, engaged the HMS Java, commanded by Captain Henry Lambert, in a fierce battle that resulted in the surrender of the British ship. The victory was a significant achievement for the United States during the war, and it added to the reputation of the USS Constitution, which became known as "Old Ironsides" due to the perception that British cannonballs appeared to bounce off its strong hull.

 

29 December - Hakim Ajmal Khan death anniversary

 

Hakim Ajmal Khan was a renowned Indian physician, freedom fighter, and a prominent figure in the field of Unani medicine. He was born on 03 February 1868 in Delhi, India, and he passed away on 29 December 1927.

Hakim Ajmal Khan played a significant role in the promotion of traditional Indian medicine, particularly Unani medicine. He was a key figure in the establishment of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi, an institution that started as the Jamia Millia Islamia, and later evolved into a central university.

In addition to his contributions to medicine and education, Hakim Ajmal Khan was actively involved in the Indian independence movement and worked towards the upliftment of the socio-economic and educational status of the Muslim community in India. His legacy continues to be remembered and celebrated in the fields of medicine, education, and social reform.

29 December - Ramanand Sagar birth anniversary

 

Ramanand Sagar ( 29 December 1917 – 12 December 2005) was an Indian film director and producer, best known for his work in the field of television. He is particularly celebrated for creating the epic television series "Ramayan," which first aired in 1987 and became one of the most-watched TV shows in Indian history.

Some key points about Ramanand Sagar's life and career include:

1. Early Life: Ramanand Sagar was born as Chandramauli Chopra in Lahore (now in Pakistan). He later adopted the name Ramanand when he entered the film industry.

2. Film Career: Before venturing into television, Sagar had a successful career in the Indian film industry. He directed and produced a number of films, including popular mythological and historical films like "Anuradha" (1960) and "Charas" (1976).

3. Television Breakthrough: Ramanand Sagar achieved widespread fame and success with his television series "Ramayan," which aired on Doordarshan, the national television network of India, in 1987. "Ramayan" is an adaptation of the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana, and it became immensely popular, reaching a massive audience across the country.

4. Religious and Mythological Themes: Following the success of "Ramayan," Sagar continued to create television series with religious and mythological themes. He went on to produce "Krishna" and "Luv Kush," both of which were based on other Hindu epics.

5. Awards and Recognition: Ramanand Sagar received several awards for his contributions to the entertainment industry, including the Filmfare Award for Best Director for "Arzoo" in 1966.

6. Later Life: In the later years of his life, Ramanand Sagar continued to work on various television projects. He also directed a television series based on the Mahabharata.

Ramanand Sagar's impact on Indian television is substantial, especially in the realm of mythological storytelling. His series, particularly "Ramayan," had a profound cultural influence and became a cultural phenomenon in India, leaving a lasting legacy in the history of Indian television.

 

28 December- Sumitranandan Pant death anniversary

 

Sumitranandan Pant, often referred to as S. N. Pant, was a renowned Indian poet who wrote primarily in the Hindi language. He is considered one of the prominent figures in modern Hindi literature. Pant was born on May 20, 1900, in Kausani, a picturesque town in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, India, and he passed away on December 28, 1977.

Key points about Sumitranandan Pant's life and contributions:

1. Early Life and Education: Sumitranandan Pant was born into a Brahmin family in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas. He received his education in Almora and later studied at Allahabad University.

2. Poetic Style: Pant is celebrated for his poetry, which often reflects the natural beauty and the spiritual essence of the Himalayan region. His verses are known for their lyrical quality and depth of emotion.

3. Literary Career: Pant was an influential figure in the Chhayavaad (Romantic) literary movement, which emphasized the use of vivid imagery, introspection, and an exploration of human emotions. His works include poetry collections like "Kala Aur Budhdha Chand," "Pallav," and "Gunjan," among others.

4. Philosophical Themes: Many of Pant's poems explore spiritual and philosophical themes, reflecting his deep engagement with Indian philosophy and spirituality.

5. Recognition and Awards: Sumitranandan Pant received numerous accolades during his lifetime, including the Jnanpith Award, one of India's most prestigious literary awards, in 1968. He was also honored with the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.

6. Himalayan Influence: The Himalayan landscape and its natural beauty played a significant role in Pant's poetry. He often wrote about the mountains, rivers, and forests of the region, making it a recurring theme in his work.

7. Contribution to Hindi Literature: Sumitranandan Pant's poetry left a lasting impact on Hindi literature. He is regarded as a trailblazer in modern Hindi poetry and is remembered as one of the leading figures of the Chhayavaad movement.

8. Legacy: Pant's works continue to be studied and celebrated in India, and his poems are frequently included in school and college curricula. His contributions to Hindi literature are considered invaluable, and he remains a revered figure in Indian literary history.

Sumitranandan Pant's poetry continues to be cherished for its beauty and depth, and his exploration of nature and spirituality in his verses has left a lasting imprint on the landscape of Indian literature.

28 December - The Battle of Kolhapur 1659

 

The Battle of Kolhapur took place on 28 December, 1659, near Kolhapur city, Maharashtra. It was fought between the Maratha Empire, led by Shivaji, and the Adilshahi forces, led by Rustam Zaman. The battle is renowned for Shivaji’s masterful flank movement, which was similar to Babur’s strategy against Rana Sanga. The Marathas defeated the Adilshahi forces. It was the second significant military victory of the Marathas after the battle of Pratapgad.

28 December - Simon the Athonite

 

Simon the Athonite was a Greek Orthodox monk of the 13th century, later sanctified by the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Simon the Myroblyte. His feast day is 28 December.

Simon was a hermit living in a cave on Mount Athos near the rock now known as Simonopetra, or Simon's Rock. In a dream, the Theotokos called on him to build a monastery on the rock, promising to protect it and to look after him and the monastery. Another version is that one night he saw a star so bright that he identified it with the Star of Bethlehem. Watching it over several nights, he saw it stay motionless, at first thinking it was a demonic temptation, but on Christmas Eve the star stood over a high rock and a voice said "Here, Simon, you must lay the foundations of your monastery for the salvation of souls." So he built the monastery and gave it the name of New Bethlehem (Greek: Νέα Βηθλεέμ). It remains dedicated to the Nativity of Jesus.

Simon died, or reposed, in 1287, and was later glorified by many miracles, leading to his beatification. His holy relics are reported to exude myrrh, giving him the alternative names of Myrrhbearer or Myrrhgusher.

The date of foundation claimed by his monastery is 1267

28 December - Republic Day South Sudan

 

Republic Day is a holiday that’s observed in South Sudan on 28 December  of each year. It’s a holiday that is celebrated in South Sudan but isn’t celebrated as a public holiday. South Sudan, also known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked central African country that’s bordered by Ethiopia, Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

This holiday falls on the day on which Southern Sudan’s constitution was promulgated in December of 2005. Under the 2011 transitional constitution, this country would become a republic—with executive power vested in the president and vice president.

28 December - Woodrow Wilson birth anniversary

 

Woodrow Wilson (28 December 1856 – 03 February 1924) was the 28th President of the United States, serving two terms from 1913 to 1921. He is known for his leadership during a critical period that included World War I and the post-war negotiations, as well as for his domestic policies, including the passage of significant progressive reforms.

Key points about Woodrow Wilson include:

1. Early Life and Education: Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia. He earned a Ph.D. in political science and history from Johns Hopkins University.

2. Academic Career: Wilson had a successful academic career, serving as a professor and later as the president of Princeton University.

3. Governor of New Jersey: Wilson entered politics and served as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, gaining a reputation as a progressive reformer.

4. Presidential Elections: Wilson won the presidential election in 1912 as the Democratic candidate. He was re-elected in 1916.

5. Domestic Policy: Wilson's domestic agenda, known as the "New Freedom," aimed at reforming tariffs, banking, and antitrust laws. He signed the Federal Reserve Act into law, establishing the Federal Reserve System.

6. Foreign Policy and World War I: Wilson initially pursued a policy of neutrality when World War I broke out in Europe. However, he eventually led the United States into the war in 1917, citing the need to make the world "safe for democracy."

7. Fourteen Points: Wilson presented his Fourteen Points, outlining his vision for a post-war world and advocating for principles such as self-determination and the League of Nations.

8. League of Nations: Wilson played a key role in the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at promoting peace and preventing future conflicts. However, the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League.

9. Health Issues and Later Years: Wilson suffered a stroke in 1919, which affected his health significantly. His second term saw challenges, and he left office in 1921. Wilson spent his remaining years writing and reflecting on his legacy.

Woodrow Wilson's presidency left a lasting impact on U.S. history, both domestically and internationally. His efforts to establish the League of Nations reflected a commitment to international cooperation and collective security, although the U.S. ultimately did not join the organization.

 

28 December - Iowa becomes the 29th U.S. state

 

Iowa became the 29th U.S. state on December 28, 1846. It was admitted to the Union, making it the first state to be added to the United States in the 19th century. Iowa is located in the Midwest region of the United States and is known for its agricultural productivity, particularly in corn and soybeans. Des Moines is the capital and largest city of the state.

28 December - Indian National Congress Party was founded in 1885

 

The Indian National Congress (INC), one of the major political parties in India, was founded on 28 December 1885. The founding session took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), and the party was established with the aim of seeking a greater share in government for educated Indians. The founding members included prominent figures such as A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn.

The INC played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence against British colonial rule. Over the years, it has been a dominant political force in the country and has produced several key leaders who played significant roles in shaping post-independence India. The party has gone through various phases and changes in leadership, contributing to the political landscape of the nation.

 

27 December - Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh birth anniversary

Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh (27 December 1898 – 10 April 1965), also known as Bhausaheb Deshmukh was a social activist and a leader to farmers in India. He was the Minister of Agriculture in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1952.He was an Indian social activist, agriculturist, and politician. He played a significant role in the fields of education and rural development. Deshmukh was also a key figure in the cooperative movement in India. His contributions earned him recognition, and he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1959.

27 December - Greater Poland Uprising

 

The Greater Poland Uprising was a military insurrection that took place in the region of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) in central-western Poland. The uprising occurred from December 27, 1918, to June 28, 1919, during the tumultuous period of the aftermath of World War I and the re-establishment of independent states in Central and Eastern Europe.

The primary goal of the Greater Poland Uprising was to secure the region of Greater Poland, with its capital in Poznań, and incorporate it into the newly formed Second Polish Republic, which was in the process of being established following the end of World War I and the collapse of the German and Austro-Hungarian empires.

At the time, the Treaty of Versailles was still being negotiated, and the fate of many territories in the region was uncertain. The German Empire had controlled Greater Poland, but the uprising sought to assert Polish sovereignty over the area. The Poles in Greater Poland, led by military and civilian leaders, organized themselves to resist German rule.

The uprising began on December 27, 1918, and it involved both military and civilian components. The Poles faced German forces, and the conflict continued until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, which recognized the transfer of Greater Poland to the newly re-established Polish state. The successful Greater Poland Uprising significantly contributed to the expansion of the Second Polish Republic and the shaping of its borders after World War I.

27 December - Jana Gana Mana first publicly sung in 1911

 

Jana Gana Mana, the national anthem of India, was first publicly sung on December 27, 1911. The occasion was the Indian National Congress session held in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The anthem was written by Rabindranath Tagore, who later won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection of poems, including the one that became the national anthem. Jana Gana Mana was officially adopted as the national anthem of India in 1950 when the country became a republic.

 

27 December - The International Monetary Fund established in 1945

 

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was indeed established in Washington, D.C. The agreement to create the IMF was reached at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference, held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. The conference brought together representatives of 44 countries with the aim of establishing a framework for international economic cooperation after World War II.

The IMF officially came into existence on 27 December  1945, when its first 29 countries signed the Articles of Agreement. The organization was created to promote global monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced trade, and economic growth. The IMF provides financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments problems and offers policy advice and technical assistance to promote economic stability.

The headquarters of the IMF have been in Washington, D.C., since its establishment, and it has played a crucial role in the international monetary system, working to foster economic stability and facilitate international trade and financial cooperation.

 

27 December - Peter Pan a play by James Barrie, premieres in London in 1904

 

"Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up" is a play written by J.M. Barrie, premiered in London on 27 December 1904.The first performance of "Peter Pan" took place at the Duke of York's Theatre. The play introduced the character of Peter Pan, the mischievous and eternal boy who can fly and refuses to grow up.

J.M. Barrie later adapted the play into the novel "Peter and Wendy," which was published in 1911. The character of Peter Pan has since become a cultural icon, with numerous adaptations in various forms of media, including films, stage productions, and animated features.